Most earthquakes are produced by the rapid release of elastic energy stored in rock that has been subjected to great stress.
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In 1935, Charles Richter, a California seismologist, devised a simple procedure that is now used throughout the world to measure the size of an earthquake, the Richter Magnitude.
L waves are confined to the Earth's surface and outer layers because, like waves on the ocean, they need a free surface to ripple in order to exist.
The vibration direction of S waves is perpendicular to travelling.
P waves are the first waves to arrive, and it can only travel through solid.