Which of the following resulted in a surge in international lending to developing countries in the mid-1970s to early 1980s?
A. Oil-exporting countries had a low short-run propensity to save out of their extra income.
B. The real interest rates in the industrial countries were significantly high.
C. The governments of the developing countries encouraged foreign direct investment (FDI) and foreign institutional investments (FII).
D. Lending to developing countries gained momentum through "herding" behavior.
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Which of the following statements is Not true?
A. Before the crisis, the combination of dramatically reduced interest rates and an apparently stable economy fed a historic boom in the housing market.
B. Maturity mismatch of the financial institution was a systemic risk.
C. The financial crisis has hit both the real economy and the financial market.
D. The financial crisis occurred only in the United States and did not spread to other countries.
Which of the following is in essence an insurance contract against the default of one or more borrowers?
A. Collateralized debt obligations
B. Credit default swaps
C. Both A and B
D. Neither A nor B
Which of the new risk-shifting tools enabled investment banks to carve out AAA-rated securities from original-issue “junk” loans?
A. Collateralized debt obligations
B. Credit default swaps
Credit default swap options
D. Credit spread forward
Which of the following arises when the knowledge that IMF rescue packages are possible leads lenders to be less careful about their international lending practices?
A. Global contagion
B. Moral hazard
C. Debt overhang
Debt restructuring
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