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Directions: Put the following paragraph into Chinese. Write your Chinese version in the proper space on Answer Sheet Ⅱ. This book derives from decades of teaching in various schools across the country. It is based on the belief that philosophy is a genuinely exciting subject, accessible not only to specialists and a few gifted undergraduate majors but to everyone. Everyone is a philosopher, whether enrolled in a philosophical course or not. The difference is that someone who has studied philosophy systematically has the advantage of having encountered stronger and more varied arguments than might have been available otherwise. What is special about this book is that it offers introductory students the opportunity of having direct contact with substantial readings from significant books on philosophy, but without the unreasonable demand that they confront these books in full, which are often incomprehensible.
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Passage Four In a recent Sunday school class in a church in the Northeast, a group of eight-to ten-year- olds were in a deep discussion with their two teachers. When asked to choose which of ten stated possibilities they most feared happening their response was unanimous. All the children most dreaded a divorce between their parents.Later, as the teachers, a man and a woman in their late thirties, reflected on the lesson, they both agreed they’d been shocked at the response. When they were the same age as their students, they said, the possibility of their parents’ being divorced never entered their heads. Yet in just one generation, children seemed to feel much less security in their family ties.Nor is the experience of these two Sunday school teachers an isolated one. Psychiatrists revealed in one recent newspaper investigation that the fears of children definitely do change in different periods; and in recent times, divorce has become one of the most frequently mentioned anxieties. In one case, for example, a four-year-old insisted that his father rather than his mother walk him to nursery school each day. The reason He said many of his friends had "no daddy living at home, and I’m scared that will happen to me."In line with such reports, our opinion leaders expressed great concern about the present and future status of the American family. In the poll 33 percent of the responses listed decline in family structure, divorce, and other family-oriented concerns as one of the five major problems facing the nation today. And 26 percent of the responses included such family difficulties as one of the five major problems for the United States in the next decade.One common concern expressed about the rise in divorces and decline in stability of the family is that the family unit has traditionally been a key factor in transmitting stable cultural and moral values from generation to generation. Various studies have shown that educational and religious institutions often can have only a limited impact on children without strong family support. The author uses a four-year-old as an example to（）
Passage One Animals are more like us than we ever imagined. They feel pain, they experience stress, and they show affection, excitement and love. All these findings have been made by scientists in recent years—and such results are beginning to change how we view animals.Strangely enough, this research was sponsored by fast food companies like McDonald’s and KFC. Pressured by animal rights groups, these companies felt they had to fund scientists researching the emotional and mental states of animals.McDonald’s, for instance, funded studies on pig behaviors at Purdue University, Indiana. This research found that pigs seek affection and easily become depressed if left alone or prevented from playing with each other. If they become depressed, they soon become physically ill. Because of this, and other similar studies, the European Union has banned the use of isolating pig stalls from 2012. In Germany, the government is encouraging pig farmers to give each pig 20 seconds of human contact a day, and to provide them with toys to prevent them from fighting.Other scientists have shown that animals think and behave like humans.Koko, the 300-pound gorilla (大猩猩) at the Gorilla Foundation in Northern California, for instance, has been taught sign language. Koko can now understand several thousand English words, more than many humans who speak English as a second language. On human IQ tests, she scores between 70 and 95.Before such experiments, humans thought language skills were absent from the animal kingdom. Other myths are also being overturned, like the belief that animals lack self-awareness. Studies have also shown that animals mourn their dead, and that they play for pleasure.These striking similarities between animal and human behavior have led some to ask a question: "If you believe in evolution, how can’t you believe that animals have feelings that human beings have"Until recently, scientists believed that animals behaved by instinct and that what appeared to be learned behavior was merely genetically-programmed activity. But as Koko the Gorilla shows, this is not the case. In fact, learning is passed from parents to offspring far more often than not in the animal kingdom.So what implications does this knowledge have for humans Because of this, should we ban hunting and animal testing Should we close zoos Such questions are being raised by many academics and politicians. Harvard and 25 other American law schools have introduced courses on animal rights. By citing the question "If you believe in evolution, how can’t you believe that animals have feelings that human beings have" the author means（）
Passage One Animals are more like us than we ever imagined. They feel pain, they experience stress, and they show affection, excitement and love. All these findings have been made by scientists in recent years—and such results are beginning to change how we view animals.Strangely enough, this research was sponsored by fast food companies like McDonald’s and KFC. Pressured by animal rights groups, these companies felt they had to fund scientists researching the emotional and mental states of animals.McDonald’s, for instance, funded studies on pig behaviors at Purdue University, Indiana. This research found that pigs seek affection and easily become depressed if left alone or prevented from playing with each other. If they become depressed, they soon become physically ill. Because of this, and other similar studies, the European Union has banned the use of isolating pig stalls from 2012. In Germany, the government is encouraging pig farmers to give each pig 20 seconds of human contact a day, and to provide them with toys to prevent them from fighting.Other scientists have shown that animals think and behave like humans.Koko, the 300-pound gorilla (大猩猩) at the Gorilla Foundation in Northern California, for instance, has been taught sign language. Koko can now understand several thousand English words, more than many humans who speak English as a second language. On human IQ tests, she scores between 70 and 95.Before such experiments, humans thought language skills were absent from the animal kingdom. Other myths are also being overturned, like the belief that animals lack self-awareness. Studies have also shown that animals mourn their dead, and that they play for pleasure.These striking similarities between animal and human behavior have led some to ask a question: "If you believe in evolution, how can’t you believe that animals have feelings that human beings have"Until recently, scientists believed that animals behaved by instinct and that what appeared to be learned behavior was merely genetically-programmed activity. But as Koko the Gorilla shows, this is not the case. In fact, learning is passed from parents to offspring far more often than not in the animal kingdom.So what implications does this knowledge have for humans Because of this, should we ban hunting and animal testing Should we close zoos Such questions are being raised by many academics and politicians. Harvard and 25 other American law schools have introduced courses on animal rights. Which of the following is NOT TRUE according to the studies （）
Passage Five Faith in medicine runs deep in America. We spend more per person on health care than any other nation. Whether we eat too much or exercise too little, whether we’re turning gray or feeling blue, we look to some pill or procedure to make us better.We assume that devoting ever more dollars to medicine will bring us longer, healthier lives. But there is mounting evidence that each new dollar we devote to the current health care system brings small and diminishing returns to public health. Today the United States spends more than $4,500 per person per year on health care. Costa Rica spends less than $300. Yet life expectancy at birth is nearly identical in both countries.Despite the highly publicized "longevity revolution," life expectancy among the elderly in the United States is hardly improving. Yes, we are an aging society, but primarily because of falling birthrates. Younger Americans, meanwhile, are far more likely to be disabled than they were 20 years ago. Most affected are people in their thirties, whose disability rates increased by nearly 130 percent, due primarily to overweight.Why has our huge investment in health care left us so unhealthy Partly it is because so many promised "miracle cures," from interferon to gene therapies, have proven to be ineffective or even dangerous. Partly it’s because health care dollars are so concentrated on the terminally ill and the very old that even when medical interventions "work," the gains to average life expectancy are small And partly it is because of medical errors and adverse reaction to prescription drugs, which cause more deaths than motor vehicle accidents, breast cancer or AIDS. Each year roughly 200,000 seniors suffer fatal or life-threatening "adverse drug events" due to improper drug use or drug interaction.Why don’t Americans live any longer than Costa Ricans Overwhelmingly, it’s because of differences ill behavior. Americans exercise less, eat more, drive more, smoke more, and lead more socially isolated lives. Even at its best, modern medicine can do little to promote productive aging, because by the time most people come in contact with it their bodies are already compromised by stress, indulgent habits, environmental dangers and injuries. Which of the following is NOT a reason why health care investment fails to bring a longer life （）
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