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Telling Tales about PeopleOne of the most common types of nonfiction, and one that many people enjoy reading, is stories about people"s lives. These stories fall into three general categories: autobiography, memoir, and biography.An autobiography is the story of a person"s life written by himself or herself. Often it begins with the person"s earliest recollections and ends in the present. Autobiography writers may not be entirely objective in the way they present themselves. However, they offer the reader a good look at the way they are and what makes them that way. People as diverse as Benjamin Franklin and Helen Keller have written autobiographies. Other writers, such as James Joyce, have written thinly fictionalized accounts of their lives. These are not autobiographies, hut they are very close to it.Memoirs, strictly speaking, are autobiographical accounts that focus as much on the events of the times as on the life of the author. Memoir writers typically use these events as backdrops for their lives. They describe them in detail and discuss their importance. Recently, though, the term memoir seems to be becoming interchangeable with autobiography. A memoir nowadays may or may not deal with the outside world.Biographies are factual accounts of someone else"s life. In many senses, these may be the hardest of the three types to write. Autobiography writers know the events they write about because they lived them. But biography writers have to gather information from as many different sources as possible. Then they have to decide which facts to include. Their goal is to present a balanced picture of a person, not one that is overly positive or too critical A fair well-presented biography may take years to research and write. The writer introduces each category in the passage by ______.
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Business-method PatentsOver the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods. Amazon.com received one for its "one-click" online payment system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.Now the nation"s top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago. In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In Bilski, as the case is known, is "a very big deal", says Dennis D. Crouch of the University of Missouri School of Law. "It has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents."Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the Federal Circuit itself that introduced such patents with its 1998 decision in the so-called State Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions. Later, move established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal Circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court"s judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should "reconsider" its State Street Bank ruling.The Federal Circuit"s action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the Supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example, the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for "inventions" that are obvious. The judges on the Federal Circuit are "reacting to the anti-patent trend at the Supreme Court", says Harold C. Wegner, a patent attorney and professor at George Washington University Law School. We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents ______.
Men Too May Suffer from Domestic ViolenceNearly three in 10 men have experienced violence at the hands of an intimate partner during their lifetimes according to one of the few studies to look 1 domestic violence and health among men."Many men actually do experience domestic violence, although we don"t hear about it 2 ," Dr. Robert J. Reid of the University of Washington in Seattle, one of the study"s authors, told Reuters Health. "They often don"t tell 3 we don"t ask. We want to get the message out to men who 4 experience domestic violence that they are not alone and there are resources available to 5 ".The researchers asked study participants about physical abuse and non-physical 6 , such as threats that made them 7 for their safety, controlling behavior (for example, being told who they could associate with and where they could go) , and constant name-calling.Among men 18 to 54 years old, 14.2 percent said they had experienced intimate partner 8 in the past five years, while 6.1 percent reported domestic violence in the previous year.Rates were lower for men 55 and 9 , with 5.3 percent reporting violence in the past five years and 2.4 percent having experienced it in the past 12 months.Overall, 30.5 percent of men younger than 55 and 26.5 percent of older men said they had been victims of 10 violence at some point in their lives. About haft of the violence the men 11 was physical.However, the physical violence men reported wasn"t as 12 suffered by women in a previous study; 20 percent to 40 percent of the men rated it as severe, compared to 61 percent of 13 .Men who reported experiencing domestic violence had more emotional and mental health problems 14 those who had not, especially older men, the 15 found.
Telling Tales about PeopleOne of the most common types of nonfiction, and one that many people enjoy reading, is stories about people"s lives. These stories fall into three general categories: autobiography, memoir, and biography.An autobiography is the story of a person"s life written by himself or herself. Often it begins with the person"s earliest recollections and ends in the present. Autobiography writers may not be entirely objective in the way they present themselves. However, they offer the reader a good look at the way they are and what makes them that way. People as diverse as Benjamin Franklin and Helen Keller have written autobiographies. Other writers, such as James Joyce, have written thinly fictionalized accounts of their lives. These are not autobiographies, hut they are very close to it.Memoirs, strictly speaking, are autobiographical accounts that focus as much on the events of the times as on the life of the author. Memoir writers typically use these events as backdrops for their lives. They describe them in detail and discuss their importance. Recently, though, the term memoir seems to be becoming interchangeable with autobiography. A memoir nowadays may or may not deal with the outside world.Biographies are factual accounts of someone else"s life. In many senses, these may be the hardest of the three types to write. Autobiography writers know the events they write about because they lived them. But biography writers have to gather information from as many different sources as possible. Then they have to decide which facts to include. Their goal is to present a balanced picture of a person, not one that is overly positive or too critical A fair well-presented biography may take years to research and write. Helen Keller wrote ______.
Men Too May Suffer from Domestic ViolenceNearly three in 10 men have experienced violence at the hands of an intimate partner during their lifetimes according to one of the few studies to look 1 domestic violence and health among men."Many men actually do experience domestic violence, although we don"t hear about it 2 ," Dr. Robert J. Reid of the University of Washington in Seattle, one of the study"s authors, told Reuters Health. "They often don"t tell 3 we don"t ask. We want to get the message out to men who 4 experience domestic violence that they are not alone and there are resources available to 5 ".The researchers asked study participants about physical abuse and non-physical 6 , such as threats that made them 7 for their safety, controlling behavior (for example, being told who they could associate with and where they could go) , and constant name-calling.Among men 18 to 54 years old, 14.2 percent said they had experienced intimate partner 8 in the past five years, while 6.1 percent reported domestic violence in the previous year.Rates were lower for men 55 and 9 , with 5.3 percent reporting violence in the past five years and 2.4 percent having experienced it in the past 12 months.Overall, 30.5 percent of men younger than 55 and 26.5 percent of older men said they had been victims of 10 violence at some point in their lives. About haft of the violence the men 11 was physical.However, the physical violence men reported wasn"t as 12 suffered by women in a previous study; 20 percent to 40 percent of the men rated it as severe, compared to 61 percent of 13 .Men who reported experiencing domestic violence had more emotional and mental health problems 14 those who had not, especially older men, the 15 found.
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