What’s your earliest memory Do you remember learning to walk The birth of a sibling Nursery school Adults rarely remember events from much before kindergarten, just as children younger than 3 or 4 seldom recall any specific experiences (as distinct from general knowledge). Psychologists have floated all sorts of explanations for this “childhood amnesia”. The reductionists appealed to the neurological, arguing that the hippocampus, the brain region responsible for forming memories, doesn’t mature until about the age of 2. But the reigning theory holds that since adults do not think like children, they cannot access childhood memories. Adults are struck with grown-up “schema”, the bare bones of narratives. (46)When they riffle through the mental filing cabinet in search of fragments of childhood memories to hang on this narrative skeleton, according to this theory, they don’t find any that fit. It’s like trying to find the French word in an English index.Now psychologist Katherine Nelson of the City University of New York offers a new explanation for childhood amnesia. (47)She argues that children don’t even form lasting, long-term memories of personal experiences until they learn to use someone else’s description of those experiences to turn their own short-term, fleeting recollections into permanent memories. In other words, children have to talk about their experiences and hear others talk about them — hear Mom recount that days’ trip to the dinosaur museum, hear Dad re- member aloud their trip to the amusement park.Why should memory depend so heavily on narrative Nelson marshals evidence that the mind structures remembrances that way. (48)Children whose mothers talk about the day’s activities as they wind down toward bedtime, for instance, remember more of the day’s special events than do children whose mothers don’t offer this novelistic framework. Talking about an event in a narrative way helps a child remember it. (49)And learning to structure memories as a long-running narrative, Nelson suggests, is the key to a permanent “autobiographical memory”, the specific remembrances that form one’s life story. (What you had for lunch yesterday isn’t part of it; what you ate on your first date with your future spouse may be.)Language, of course, is the key to such a narrative. Children learn to engage in talk about the past. The establishment of these memories is related to the experience of talking to other people about them. (50)In particular, a child must recognize that a retelling — of that museum trip, say — is just the trip itself in another medium, that of speech rather than experience. That doesn’t happen until the child is perhaps four or five. By the time she’s ready for kindergarten she’ll remember all sorts of things. And she may even, by then, have learned’ not to blurt them out in public. And learning to structure memories as a long-running narrative, Nelson suggests, is the key to a permanent “autobiographical memory”, the specific remembrances that form one’s life story.
赵某2000年10月按房改政策以4万元的成本价购买了一套1998年10月建成的砖混结构公房,房屋的经济寿命为50年,残值率为1.96%,建筑面积为100m2,1998年建筑物的重置价为500元/m2,2000年建筑物重置价格为540元/m2,2006年10月的重置价格为750元/m2,结构相同、楼层相同、装修相同、建筑面积、建成年月相同的商品房的正常转让价格为10万元,请问: 赵某的房屋在2006年10月的最可能实现的售价是( )。
A. 小于4万元
B. 4万元
C. 10万元
D. 大于4万元,小于10万元
Questions 11 to 18 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
A. They’re happy Maria’s playing it again.
B. They are both very tired of it.
C. The man likes to listen to it often.
D. The woman has never heard it before.