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Which word is not used by Norberg-Hodge to describe the Ladakhi people
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Will America’s cities ever again be places most people want to live in It seems unlikely. hereas in 1970 America’s suburbs contained 25% more families than its cities, today they contain 75 % more. Middle-class families -- "the bedrock of a stable community", in the words of the Department of Housing and Urban Development -- associate cities with poverty and therefore crime. 41)______ . No wonder so many families equate the American dream with a home in the suburbs.But the resulting urban sprawl carries a cost. A report this week from the Sierra Club, which has been preaching ecological sensitivity for more than a century, underlines what it calls "the dark side of the American dream" ~ traffic congestion; commuting journeys that "steal time from family and work "; air and water pollution; lost farfnland and recreational space; increased flooding; and more taxes to pay for a suburban infrastructure that ranges from policing to sewage systems. 42)______Putting numbers to its argument, the Sierra Club reckons air pollution "costs US agriculturemore than ＄ 2.5 billion every year," and it argues that the paving over of natural wetlands helps produce the floods that cost America an average of $ 4.3 billion a year. In the period from 1970 to 1990, urban sprawl led the twin cities of Minneapolis -- St Paul, in Minnesota, to close 162 schools in and around the city centers while building 78 new ones in the outer ’suburbs. Between1970 and 1995, Maine spent 6ver ＄ 338 million building new schools even as the number of students in its public schools fell by 27,000. 43)______44)______ Among the country’s largest cities, the most threatened, apparently, are the citizens of Atlanta; among medium-sized cities, it is the people of Orlando, Florida, who have most to fear; and among small cities, the inhabitants of McAllen, Texas. As for Los Angles, the "grand-daddy of sprawl", the city deserves a “dishonorable mention”, along with San Diego and Phoenix.45 )______ One idea being tried in parts of Michigan and Maryland ’is for communities to buy farmland or environmentally sensitive land to prevent its development; another idea, practiced in Oregon and Washington state, is to set an "urban growth boundary" to enclose an urban area within an inviolate green belt; a third is to offer tax inducements to communities that forgo development rights. But in the land of the car, perhaps the most unlikely idea is that Americans will follow the example of New Jersey, which recently voted for higher petrol taxes to preserve a million acres of undeveloped land over the next ten years.A. Moreover, as the suburb expands, the inner city’s tax base shrinks, setting off a viciouscycle of higher taxes, lower corporate profits, higher joblessness and lower property values.B. It was obvious that after 1970 people preferred to live in the suburb while work in the city.C. Can urban sprawl be repulsedD. They have a point: the poverty rate in America’s urban areas rose from 14.2% in 1970 to 21.5% in 1993, with most of the increase in the inner-city areas from which the middle class has fled.E. Meanwhile, the exhaustion of commuters is hardly lessened by new and better roads, since each 1% increase in new lane-miles generates within five years a 0.9% increase in traffic.F. The house in the suburb may not be full of conveniences of every sort, so cars are the only means for shopping and transportation.G. All this, the Sierra Club maintains, illustrates the threat that urban sprawl represents to the quality of life. 41（）
案例分析题阅读下列材料，回答问题：材料一：拿破仑既不是好人，也不是坏人。既不温柔敦厚，也非蛮不讲理。他是个特定品格的人。 他不受诱惑，而且对别人的诱惑也元动于衷，在这一点上，表现得非同一般。拿破仑原就欠缺爱恨的情感，因为唯有他才是人，其他什么都不存在。自己以外所有的人，无非是“芸芸众生”。在立场上．他企求国民的欢呼；心底里，他却藐视人民。依我的看法，他的成功，除了凭他天赋的才华之外，更有赖于他那有缺陷的性格……材料二：梯也尔说：“有谁能预料到这位1800年的明智之士会变成1812年和1813年的疯子呢 有的，只要谁记得随着拥有无限权力而来的总是一种不可救药的狂乱——因为一切都在权力所能及的范围之内，于是，就有以攫取一切为目的的野心，而这种狂乱，往往使得行使权力做过好事的人，用同样的权力，去干坏事，那么，谁就能够预料到这一点。”材料三：拿破仑独裁统治的前半期，他完成了众多的事业，给法国、也给欧洲带来许多利益，但他统 治的后半期却给国家、给欧洲造成许多灾难。拿破仑生活在十八、十九世纪波澜壮阔的欧美资产阶级革命的伟大时代。这个来自科西嘉的土里土气的小人物在转瞬之间被革命浪潮推向国家权力的最高峰，建立起震撼世界的法兰西大帝国，但一眨眼间又从高峰上掉下来，成为大西洋孤岛上的一个囚犯，这是世界历史舞台罕见的景象。拿破仑不仅是卓越的军事统帅，雄才大略的政治家，而且象征一个时代，代表一种制度和一种主义——波拿巴主义。这是一个错综复杂的历史现象，而拿破仑则是各种矛盾的最复杂的混合体。马克思、恩格斯用这样的话：“非凡的人物”，“革命原理的传播者”、“旧的封建社会的摧毁人”、“伟大天才”、“伟大军事家”、“真正的、伟大的波拿巴”等等来赞扬他；又用另一些话：“科西嘉岛的暴发户”、法国革命的“镇压者”、“冒险家变成皇帝”、“大拿破仑所构思和扮演过的卑劣角色”等等来贬斥拿破仑。近代世界史对他的评价分歧更大。一方面是一片赞扬声，称他是“从恺撒以来世界上曾经出现过的最伟大的人物”，是“历史上最惊人的奇才之一”，是“世纪的巨人”；另一方面却是一片愤怒、厌恶和诟骂，称他为“匪徒”、“科西嘉吃人魔王”、“摧毁自由的暴君”、“是以野心为法律、以践踏他人为准则的无耻小人”、“神经病患者”、“癫痫病患者”。对于这样一个复杂的人物，有各种不同评价，这是可以理解的。 拿破仑姓什么名什么
Questions 11 to 18 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
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