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If an occupation census had been taken in the eleventh century，it would probably have revealed that quite 90%of the people were country dwellers who drew their livelihood from farming，herding，fishing，or the forest．An air photograph taken at that time would have revealed a sprinkling of villages，linked together by un—surfaced roads and more than 10，000 persons．A second picture，taken in the mid—fourteenth century would show that the villages had grown larger，more numerous，and also more widespread，for Europeans had pushed their frontier outward by clearing，draining，and settling new areas．There would be more people on the road，rivers and seas，carrying food or raw materials to towns which had increased in number，size and importance． But a photograph taken about 1450 would reveal that little further expansion had taken place during the preceding hundred years． Any attempt to describe the countryside during those centuries is beset by two difficulties．In the first place we have to examine the greater part of Europe’s 3,50,000 square miles，and not merely the Mediterranean lands．In the second place the inhabitants of that wide expanse refuse to fit into one standard pattern or to stand still． There is variety and there is change．①Consequently, as a distinguished student of medieval rural life once remarked, "In the history of land problems, there is no sin like the sin of generalization" and "There is no heresy about the Middle Ages quite so pernicious(有害的)as the theory that they were unchanging." In the early days of studying economic history it was customary to describe a "typical" manor and give the impression that all rural life was of this kind. But a vast amount of research has been done since then, for the field is an interesting one, the documents are abundant in some countries, the work calls for great patience and skill, and the results may be revolutionary. From such arduous (辛勤的) labor Professor Eileen Power emerged with the conclusion that "manor" was a term about as descriptive as the word "mammal". ②After equally arduous effort Professor Kosminsky defined the manor as a community in which unfree villagers (villains, serfs")cultivated their lord’s domain as the price of their serfdom and of their use of a holding of land. He then discovered that even in the English midlands, the stronghold of manors, only about 60% of the territory was "manorial" in 1279. The remaining 40% was non-manorial; it had no unfree tenants, or it had no domain, or it was all domain and had no villain holdings. In France and other continental regions research is revealing similar diversity. After reading a recent study of the seigniorial (领主的) system in Lorraine, one reviewer threw up his hands and exclaimed, "The more we look at things, the more they appear complicated.\ It is rather difficult to describe the countryside during the period under consideration because the inhabitants ______.
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Since the buildup to the war with Iraq, British Prime Minister Tony Blair has taken it on the chin from the media. The British media ordinarily grill politicians, but in this case they have been particularly feisty, empowered by opinion polls that showed most Brits wanted nothing to do with invading Iraq. ①Until now the American media, which by nature are less aggressive than their British counterparts but probably are taking a lead from polls and politicians that supported the administration’s war stance, have gone relatively easy on President Bust. But this week the media have hit the administration hard with questions about Bush’s State of the Union statement that Iraq was acquiring uranium from Niger, one of the administration’s justifications for war. And with the 2004 campaign heating up and Bush’s approval rating dipping, his administration is being grilled harder than it has been in months. Experts say the questioning will get sharper as summer progresses. ②"That Democrats are just now ’beginning to get traction’ on the justification for the war is an example of how differently politics are played in the U.S.A. than they are in Britain"says Martin Turner, Washington bureau chief of the BBC. The respondents have been highly critical of the war and suspicious of administration claims that weapons of mass destruction exist in Iraq. In Britain, whereas prime minister must defend himself every week before Parliament, the media take a "much more muscular approach to grilling politicians", Turner says. Here, the BBC is often regarded as a rather impolite member of the Washington press corps. "We tend to ask questions in a different way than they are asked on the Sunday political programs." In London, Michael Goldfarb, senior correspondent for National Public Radio affiliate WBUR in Boston, says his British counterparts talk about "how astonishing the ride has been for Bush" and how the Bush administration "manages the news like it’s nobody’s business. Here they call Blair Bush’s poodle (狮子狗)". But then again, he says, British media "simply don’t hold to the American notion of objectivity and certainly not impartiality". ABC anchor Peter Jennings, who reported from London in the 1970s and 1980s, says he has "always been struck by how mu ch more aggressive the British press is". They’re simply much more aggressive. In the U.S.A., "there is no doubt that the press is aware of the influence of a powerful president, and the press is aware to some extent that it is in competition for public opinion, so there is always stress between a powerful president and the press." But in the past week, with debate over the war heating up, it led several of Jennings’ World News Tonight broadcasts. "Our reporters sense some deep concern about what is happening.\ From the first sentence of the passage we learn that the British Prime Minister ______.
Technological characteristics of the factory of the future will be influenced by both "science push" and "market pull". Science push relates to the many scientific developments that are being announced from laboratories around the world. ①The manufacturing community is alert to these developments and when creative people visualize opportunities to solve major problems with new scientific developments, they are responsive to initiate major project to attempt to capture a competitive edge. Market pull is the other dimension. The manufacturing community sees opportunities to gain a competitive edge by drawing existing or emerging technologies on to the shop floor, and they are willing to invest in the future. The driving force in both cases is the desire to increase productivity and quality. History has demonstrated that both phenomena are at work in the manufacturing environment. ②Underlying the future of the manufacturing environment of tomorrow are the strategic technologies that the we recognize today as playing an important role in our planning in industrial and university research laboratories. Let me elaborate on what I consider the strategic technologies in the laboratory with both medium and long-range perspectives on the future. My strategic technologies include: new materials (including polymers, alloys, ceramics and composites, and superconductors ), computer engineering, microelectronics, micro-fabrication, photonics, and manufacturing system (automation for machines and processes, new processes, engineering management). The reality of the impact of the strategic technologies which I have mentioned is not an issue. What are the issues include: how rapidly will their impact be left, how will the capital investments required be justified, and how will we educate the workforce to implement and manage them. I believe these issues will be resolved in an evolutionary way rather than as a new industrial revolution. There are already unfortunate examples of failure in attempts to implement individual views of factories of the future. ③The underlying problems will surface when we attempt too much, too soon, and without a thorough knowledge of all of the important features of strategic technologies and of whether they are fit for an effective manufacturing facility: The lack of standards has been recognized as a major deterrent to integration, and major steps have been taken on a national and worldwide basis to correct the situation. We cannot overestimate the power of the human being to adapt and to succeed. We have not yet duplicated this power with the computer. However, we have achieved the ability to use the computer to make the human more productive, more reliable and more powerful. This is perhaps the beginning for developing a more focused view of what we mean by the factory of the future. The issue of strategic technologies is of great importance to the development of the factory of the future. It is a matter of survival. The most suitable title of the passage would be ______.
①Many people seem to think that science fiction is typified by the covers of some of the old pulp magazines" the Bug Eyed Monster. embodying every trait and feature that most people find repulsive is ahout to grab, and presumably ravish, a sweet, blonde curvaceous scantily clad Earth girl. This is unfortunate because it demeans and degrades a worthwhile and even important literary endeavor. In contrast to this unwarranted stereotype, science fiction rarely emphasizes sex, and when it does, it is more discreet than other contemporary fiction. Instead, the basic interest of science fiction lies in the relation between man and his technology and between man and the universe. ②Science fiction is a literature of change and a literature of the future, and while it would be foolish to claim that science fiction is a major literary genre at this time. the aspects of human life that it considers make it well worth reading and studying for no other literary from does quite the same things. What is science fiction To begin, the following definition should be helpful: science fiction is a literary sub-genre which postulates a change (for human beings ) from conditions as we know them and follows the implications of these changes to a conclusion. Although this definition will necessarily he modified and expanded, it covers much of the basic groundwork and provides a point of departure. The first point that science fiction is a literary sub-genre is a very important one, but one which is often overlooked or ignored in most discussions of science fiction. Specifically, science fiction is either a short story or a novel. There are only a few dramas which could be called science fiction, with Karel Capek’s RUR (Rossum’s Universal Robots) being the only one that is well known; the body of poetry that might be labeled science fiction is only slightly larger. ③To say that science fiction is a sub- genre of prose fiction is to say that it has all the basic characteristics and serves, the same basic functions in much the same way as prose fiction in general, that is, it shares a great deal with all other novels and short stories. Everything that can be said about prose fiction, in general, applies to science fiction. Every piece of science fiction, whether short story or novel, must have a narrator, a story, a plot, a setting, characters, language, and theme. And like any prose, the themes of science fiction are concerned with interpreting man’s nature and experience in relation to the world around him. Themes in science fiction are constructed and presented in exactly the same ways that themes are dealt with in any other kind of fiction. They are the result of a particular combination of narrator, story, plot, character, setting, and language. In short, the reasons for reading and enjoying science fiction, and the ways of studying and analyzing it, are basically the same as they would be for any other story or novel. Science fiction is called a literary sub-genre because ______.
Technological characteristics of the factory of the future will be influenced by both "science push" and "market pull". Science push relates to the many scientific developments that are being announced from laboratories around the world. ①The manufacturing community is alert to these developments and when creative people visualize opportunities to solve major problems with new scientific developments, they are responsive to initiate major project to attempt to capture a competitive edge. Market pull is the other dimension. The manufacturing community sees opportunities to gain a competitive edge by drawing existing or emerging technologies on to the shop floor, and they are willing to invest in the future. The driving force in both cases is the desire to increase productivity and quality. History has demonstrated that both phenomena are at work in the manufacturing environment. ②Underlying the future of the manufacturing environment of tomorrow are the strategic technologies that the we recognize today as playing an important role in our planning in industrial and university research laboratories. Let me elaborate on what I consider the strategic technologies in the laboratory with both medium and long-range perspectives on the future. My strategic technologies include: new materials (including polymers, alloys, ceramics and composites, and superconductors ), computer engineering, microelectronics, micro-fabrication, photonics, and manufacturing system (automation for machines and processes, new processes, engineering management). The reality of the impact of the strategic technologies which I have mentioned is not an issue. What are the issues include: how rapidly will their impact be left, how will the capital investments required be justified, and how will we educate the workforce to implement and manage them. I believe these issues will be resolved in an evolutionary way rather than as a new industrial revolution. There are already unfortunate examples of failure in attempts to implement individual views of factories of the future. ③The underlying problems will surface when we attempt too much, too soon, and without a thorough knowledge of all of the important features of strategic technologies and of whether they are fit for an effective manufacturing facility: The lack of standards has been recognized as a major deterrent to integration, and major steps have been taken on a national and worldwide basis to correct the situation. We cannot overestimate the power of the human being to adapt and to succeed. We have not yet duplicated this power with the computer. However, we have achieved the ability to use the computer to make the human more productive, more reliable and more powerful. This is perhaps the beginning for developing a more focused view of what we mean by the factory of the future. The issue of strategic technologies is of great importance to the development of the factory of the future. It is a matter of survival. The author stresses in the last paragraph that to cope with the issue of strategic technologies, we should ______.
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