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Robots May Allow Surgery in Space Small robots designed by University of Nebraska researchers may allow doctors on Earth to help perform surgery on patients in space. The tiny,wheeled robots,（51）are about 3 inches tall and as wide as a lipstick case,can be slipped into small incisions(切口)and computer-controlled by surgeons in different locations.Some robots are equipped（52）cameras and lights and can send images back to surgeons and others have surgical tools attached that can be（53）remotely. “We think this is going to （54）open surgery,”Dr Dmitry Oleynikov said at a news conference.Oleynikov is a （55）in computer-assisted surgery at the University of Nebraska Medical Center in Omaha. Officials hope that NASA will teach（56）to use the robots soon enough so that surgeries could one day be performed in space. On earth,the surgeons could control the robots themselves（57）other locations.For example,the robots could enable surgeons in other places to （58）on injured soldiers on the front line.Researchers plan tp seek federal regulatory（59）early nest year.Tests on animals have been successful,and tests on humans in England will begin very soon. The camera-carrying robots can provide（60）of affected areas and the ones with surgical tools will be able to maneuver(操控)inside the body in ways surgeons’ hands can’t.The views from the camera-carrying robots are （61）than the naked eye,because they（62）back color images that are magnified(放大).Because several robots can be inserted through one incision,they could reduce the amount and （63）of cuts needed for surgery,which would decrease recovery time.This is particularly（64）to those patients who have been debilitated(使虚弱)by long illness. Eventually,Oleynikov said,the tiny robots may enable surgeons to work without ever（65）their hands in patients’ bodies.“That’s the goal,”Oleynikov said.“It’s getting easier and easier.We can do even more with these devices.”
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Robots May Allow Surgery in Space Small robots designed by University of Nebraska researchers may allow doctors on Earth to help perform surgery on patients in space. The tiny,wheeled robots,（51）are about 3 inches tall and as wide as a lipstick case,can be slipped into small incisions(切口)and computer-controlled by surgeons in different locations.Some robots are equipped（52）cameras and lights and can send images back to surgeons and others have surgical tools attached that can be（53）remotely. “We think this is going to （54）open surgery,”Dr Dmitry Oleynikov said at a news conference.Oleynikov is a （55）in computer-assisted surgery at the University of Nebraska Medical Center in Omaha. Officials hope that NASA will teach（56）to use the robots soon enough so that surgeries could one day be performed in space. On earth,the surgeons could control the robots themselves（57）other locations.For example,the robots could enable surgeons in other places to （58）on injured soldiers on the front line.Researchers plan tp seek federal regulatory（59）early nest year.Tests on animals have been successful,and tests on humans in England will begin very soon. The camera-carrying robots can provide（60）of affected areas and the ones with surgical tools will be able to maneuver(操控)inside the body in ways surgeons’ hands can’t.The views from the camera-carrying robots are （61）than the naked eye,because they（62）back color images that are magnified(放大).Because several robots can be inserted through one incision,they could reduce the amount and （63）of cuts needed for surgery,which would decrease recovery time.This is particularly（64）to those patients who have been debilitated(使虚弱)by long illness. Eventually,Oleynikov said,the tiny robots may enable surgeons to work without ever（65）their hands in patients’ bodies.“That’s the goal,”Oleynikov said.“It’s getting easier and easier.We can do even more with these devices.”
第二篇A Very Slow Ride The surface of the earth may seem very stable to you.But you might be amazed if you knew some of the things that are going on under that surface. The earth has an outer shell of rigid pieces called tectonic plates (地壳构造板块).The plates include both ocean floor and dry land.Some have whole continents on top of them.The continents on top of the plates are just going along for a slow ride,moving only about four inches per year.But even this small movement causes three types of big interactions. One type is ocean ridges.These ridges develop in places where two plates are moving away from each other.As the plates separate,hot magma(岩浆)flows up to fill the space.New crust(地壳)builds up on the plate boundaries and causes ocean ridges.These ridges form long mountain ranges,which only rise above the ocean surface in a few places. Another type of reaction-trenches-occurs between two plates that are moving toward each other.As the plates meet,one bends downward and plunges undemeath the other.This forms deep ocean trenches.The Marianas Trench off Guam in the western Pacific Ocean has a depth of more than 36,000 feet.This is the lowest point on the ocean floor.If the leading edges of the two colliding plates carry continents,then the layers of rock in the overriding plate crumple(变皱)and fold.A plate that carried what is now lndia collided with the southern edge of the plate that carried Europe and most of Asia.This caused the Himalayas,the world’s highest mountains. The third reaction is transform faults(转换断层).These faults occur where two plates that are traveling in opposite directions slide past each other.Severe earthquakes can occur.The San Andreas Fault in Califomia is a good example of this type of movement. The San Andreas Fault is an example of
When We Are Asleep Everyone dreams,but some peopole never recall their dreams,or do so very rarely.Other people always wake up with vivid recollections (记忆) of their dreams,though they forget them very quickly.In an average night of eight hours’ sleep,an average adult will dream for around one hundred minutes,probably having three to five dreams,each lasting from ten to thirty minutes. Scientists can detect when someone is having a dream by using an instrument which measures the electrical waves in the brain.During dreaming,these waves move more quickly.Breathing and pulse rate also increase,and there are rapid eye movements under the lids,just as though the dreamer were really looking at moving objects.These signs of dreaming have been detected in all mammals (哺 乳动物) studied,including dogs,monkeys,cats,and elephants,and also some birds and reptiles (爬行动物).This period of sleep is called the“D”state for around 50% of their sleep;the period reduces to around 25% by the age of 10. Dreams take the form of stories,but they may be strange and with incidents not connected,which make little sense.Dreams are seldom without people in them and they are usually about people we know.One estimate says that two-thirds of the“cast”of our dream dramas are friends and relations.Vision seems an essential part of dreams,except for people blind from birth.Sound and touch are senses also often aroused,but smell and taste are not frequently involved.In“normal”dreams,the dreamer may be taking part,or be only an observer.But he or she cannot control what happens in the dream. However,the dreamer does have control over one type of dream.This type of dream is called a“lucid”(清醒的) dream.Not everyone is a lucid dreamer.Some people are occasional lucid dreamers.Others can dream lucidly more or less all the time.In a lucid dream,the dreamer knows that he is dreaming. In a lucid dream we can use Morse code to communicate with others.
（二）背景资料施工总承包单位与建设单位于2008年2月20日签订了某二十层综合办公楼工程施工合同。合同中约定：①人工费综合单价为45元／工日；②一周内非承包方原因停水、停电造成的停工累计达8小时可顺延工期一天；③施工总承包单位须配有应急备用电源。工程于3月15日开工，施工过程中发生如下事件：事件一：3月19-20日遇罕见台风暴雨迫使基坑开挖暂停，造成人员窝工20工日，一台挖掘机陷入淤泥中。事件二：3月21日施工总承包单位租赁一台吊车（1500元／台班）吊出陷入淤泥中的挖掘机（500 元／台班），并进行维修保养，导致停工2天，3月23日上午8时恢复基坑开挖工作。事件三：5月10日上午地下室底板结构施工时，监理工程师口头紧急通知停工，5月11日监理工程师发出因设计修改而暂停施工令；5月14日施工总承包单位接到监理工程师要求5月15日复工的指令。期间共造成人员窝工300工日。事件四：6月30日地下室全钢模板吊装施工时，因供电局检修线路停电导致工程停工8小时。事件五：主体结构完成后，施工总承包单位把该工程会议室的装饰装修分包给某专业分包单位，会议室地面采用天然花岗岩石材饰面板，用量350m2。会议室墙面采用人造木板装饰，其中细木工板用量600m2，用量最大的一种人造饰面木板300m2。 针对事件一到事件三，施工总承包单位及时向建设单位提出了工期和费用索赔。问题 事件一到事件三中，施工总承包单位提出的工期和费用索赔是否成立？分别说明理由。
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