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There is a great irony of 21st-century global health: While many hundreds of millions of people lack adequate food as a result of economic inequities, political corruption, or warfare, many hundreds of millions more are overweight to the point of increased risk for diet-related chronic diseases. Obesity is a worldwide phenomenon, affecting children as well as adults and forcing all but the poorest countries to divert scarce resources away from food security to take care of people with preventable heart disease and diabetes. To reverse the obesity epidemic, we must address the fundamental causes. Overweight comes from consuming more food energy than is expended in activity. The cause of this imbalance also is ironic: improved prosperity. People use extra income to eat more and be less physically active. Market economies encourage this. They make people with expendable income into consumers of aggressively marketed foods that are high in energy but low in nutritional value, and of cars, televisions set. And computers that promote sedentary behavior. Gaining weight are good business. Food is particularly big business because everyone eats. Moreover, food is so overproduced that many countries, especially the rich ones that far more than they need, another irony, than the United States, to take an extreme example, most adults—-of all ages, incomes, educational levels, and census categories—are overweight. The U. S. food supply provides 3800 kilocalories per person per day, nearly twice as much as required by many a-dults. Overabundant food forces companies to compete for sales through advertising, health claims, new products, larger portions, and campaigns directed toward children. Food marketing promotes weight gain. Indeed, it is difficult to think of any major industry that might benefit if people ate! Less food; certainly not the agriculture, food product, grocery, restaurant, diet or drug industries. All flourish when people eat more. And all employ armies of Lobbyists to discourage governments from doing anything to inhibit overeating. To address the fundamental cause of the obesity epidemic, according to the passage, is______.
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Smoking causes wrinkles by upsetting the body" s mechanism for renewing skin, say scientists in Japan. Dermatologists say the finding confirms the long-held view that smoking ages skin prematurely. Skin stays healthy and young-looking because of a fine balance between two processes that are constantly at work. The first breaks-down old skin while the second makes new skin. The body breaks down the old skin with enzymes called matrix metalloproteinases, or MMPs, They chop up the fibers that form collagen(胶原质)—the connective tissue that makes up around 80 percent of normal skin. Akimichi Morita and his colleagues at Nagoya City University Medical School suspected that smoking disrupted the body" s natural process of breaking down old skin and renewing it. To test their idea, they first made a solution of cigarette smoke by pumping smoke through a saline(盐的)solution. Smoke was sucked from cigarettes for two seconds every minute. Tiny drops of this smoke solution were added to dishes of human fibroblasts, the skin cells that produce collagen. After a day in contact with smoke solution, the researchers tested the skin cells, to see how much collagen-degrading MMP they were making. Morita found that cells exposed to cigarette smoke had produced far more MMP than normal skin cells. Morita also tested the skin cells to see how much new collagen they were producing. He found that the smoke caused a drop in the production of fresh collagen by up to 40 percent. He says that this combined effect of degrading collagen more rapidly and producing less new collagen is probably what causes premature skin ageing in smokers, in both cases, the more concentrated the smoke solution the greater the effect on collagen. " This suggests the amount of collagen is important for skin ageing," he says. "It looks like less collagen means more wrinkle formation". Morita doesn" t know if this is the whole story of why smokers have more wrinkles. But he plans to confirm his findings by testing skin samples from smokers and non-smokers of various ages to see if the smoking has the same effect on collagen. "So far we" ve only done this in the lab. " he says. " We don"t know exactly what happens in the body yet that might take some time. " Other dermatologists are impressed by file work. "This is fascinating," says Lawrence Parish. Director of the Centre for International Dermatology at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital in Philadelphia. This confirms scientifically what we"ve long expected, he says. "Tobacco smoke is injurious to skin. " The Japanese scientists tested their idea using______.
Women find a masculine face—with a large jaw and a prominent brow—-more attractive when they are most likely to attractive, according to a study published in the June 24 NATURE. Before, during, and use after menstruation, however, they seem to be drawn to less angular, more "feminine" male faces, the researchers report. " Other studies of female preference, mainly for odors, show changes across the menstrual cycle ," says lead author Ian Penton-Voak of the University of St. Andrews in Scotland. " We thought it would be interesting to look at visual preferences and see if they changed also". The researchers showed 39 Japanese women composite male faces that emphasized masculine or feminine facial features to differing degrees. The women preferred images with more masculine features when they were in the fertile phase of their menses but favored more feminine features during their less fertile phase. The type of face women find attractive also seems to depend on the kind of relationship they wish to pursue, according to another experiment. The cyclic preference for muscular faces was evident among 23 British women asked to choose the most attractive face for a short-term relationship, Penton-Voak says. The 26 women asked to choose an attractive face for a long-term relationship, however, preferred the more feminine features throughout their menstrual cycle. Another 22 women who were using oral contraceptives did not show monthly changes in the faces they preferred even for short-term relationships, indicating that hormones might play a role in determining attractiveness, Penton-Voak says. Men whose faces have some feminine softness are perceived as " kinder" men who may make better husbands and partners, he adds, while macho features may be associated with higher testosterone(睾丸素)levels and good genes. He cautions, however, that research hasn"t yet shown a link between a woman" s preferences in such tests and her actual behavior. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage
Women find a masculine face—with a large jaw and a prominent brow—-more attractive when they are most likely to attractive, according to a study published in the June 24 NATURE. Before, during, and use after menstruation, however, they seem to be drawn to less angular, more "feminine" male faces, the researchers report. " Other studies of female preference, mainly for odors, show changes across the menstrual cycle ," says lead author Ian Penton-Voak of the University of St. Andrews in Scotland. " We thought it would be interesting to look at visual preferences and see if they changed also". The researchers showed 39 Japanese women composite male faces that emphasized masculine or feminine facial features to differing degrees. The women preferred images with more masculine features when they were in the fertile phase of their menses but favored more feminine features during their less fertile phase. The type of face women find attractive also seems to depend on the kind of relationship they wish to pursue, according to another experiment. The cyclic preference for muscular faces was evident among 23 British women asked to choose the most attractive face for a short-term relationship, Penton-Voak says. The 26 women asked to choose an attractive face for a long-term relationship, however, preferred the more feminine features throughout their menstrual cycle. Another 22 women who were using oral contraceptives did not show monthly changes in the faces they preferred even for short-term relationships, indicating that hormones might play a role in determining attractiveness, Penton-Voak says. Men whose faces have some feminine softness are perceived as " kinder" men who may make better husbands and partners, he adds, while macho features may be associated with higher testosterone(睾丸素)levels and good genes. He cautions, however, that research hasn"t yet shown a link between a woman" s preferences in such tests and her actual behavior. It was found in Britain that women" s preferred male images were influenced by______.
In this part there is an essay in Chinese. Read it carefully and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET. Make sure that your summary covers the major points of the essay. 珍爱生命从护心开始 生命第一杀手 这些年来，随着我国经济的发展，在人们解决温饱之后，伴随而来的是与吸烟、缺乏运动，紧张和过度饮食等不良生活方式相关的慢性疾病，尤其是心血管疾病，肿瘤等已经成为危害健康、危及生命的第一杀手。 近年来，“猝死”事件在各地屡有发生。压力过大，劳累过度，使得不少中青年人长期处于亚健康状态，积重难返而猝死。在众多猝死事件中，多数是由心肌梗死引起的。而半数以上的心肌梗死是没有先兆的，突然起病，致死或致残；在心肌梗死发病早期死亡者中，半数都死于到达医院之前。 在很多人的印象里，高血压、冠心病、心肌梗死好像是中老年人的“专利”，其实不然，现在每天医院急诊室、监护室里都能看到一些非常年轻的心肌梗死患者，而且越来越多。 无知者“无畏” 很多人并不是死于无钱，而是死于无知，即缺乏预防意识，缺乏对健康的忧患意识，这在“白骨精”(白领、骨干、精英)中尤为突出。他们白天忙于工作，晚上忙于应酬，很少有人把自己的健康放在心上。 20世纪50年代出生的这一代人，更多地受益于经济发展所带来的便捷，舒适的生活，这种生活方式使得他们中的一部分人已经成为目前高血压、糖尿病和肥胖流行的“主力军”。但是，国内外大量的医学研究表明，吸烟，高热量、高脂肪饮食摄人过多，运动量减少等不健康生活方式，正在成为引发包括心肌梗死在内的各种心血管疾病的“催化剂”。正是由于这些危险因素没有被认识，没有得到很好的重视和控制，才使得情况变得越来越槽。 值得注意的是，不健康生活方式所致的心血管疾病多是“隐性杀手”，平时无明显症状，但却在不知不觉中残害人们的健康。历经几年，十几年、甚至数十年的“沉默”，在毫无症状或先兆的情况下，以突然发病的形式瞬间结束人们的生命。相当多的病人第一次发病或第一次有临床表现就是心肌梗死，甚至猝死进而结束生命。 令人担忧的是，现在很多“白骨精”们根本意识不到自己是心血管疾病的高危人群，甚至幻想患病以后再亡羊补牢。实际上，在长期的超负荷“压迫”下，他们一旦发病就会一发而不可收拾，第一次就往往可能是猝死，所以一定不能心存侥幸。 管住嘴迈开腿 血脂的异常和胆固醇升高、吸烟、糖尿病、高血压、中心性肥胖、日常生活缺乏运动、饮食缺乏蔬菜水果、紧张都已经被证明是心血管疾病的重要危险因素，既然我们已经知道心血管疾病是一个多重危险因子的疾病，那么应首先从防危险因素上做起，而不要等到患了高血压再去吃降压药物，得了血脂高再去降血脂。 心血管疾病是可防、可控、可救的。吸烟是万恶之源，不止是危害心血管，也是引起呼吸系统和多种癌症的“罪犯”。既害己更害人，吸烟不是“嗜好”，而是疾病，肥胖和血脂异常也可明显增加高血压，心肌梗死等的危险。 心血管防治要注重“治未病”，对每一个人来说，要有一个健康的身体，不仅要不吸烟，“管住嘴”，“迈开腿”，特别要从青少年抓起，引导青少年从小养成健康文明的生活习惯，告别烟草，告别垃圾食品，热爱和坚持运动，保持良好的体重。 “迈开腿”，除了爬山、游泳等运动以外，要把路走起来，现在很多人都自觉或不自觉地开始慢慢地在变“懒”，能不动就不动，特别是有的青年人，进门就找电梯，出门就打的，为什么不能进门先找楼梯走一走呢如果大家能坚持每天快步走一万步的路，持之以恒，定将受益匪浅。饭吃八成饱，日行万步路，为最有效的减肥方法。
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