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The federal entity created by the Constitution is by far the dominant feature of the American governmental system. (1)_____ the system itself is in reality a mosaic, (2)_____ of thousands of smaller units—building blocks which together (3)_____ the whole. There are 50 state governments (4)_____ the government of the District of Columbia, and further down the ladder are still smaller units, (5)_____ counties, cities, towns and villages. This (6)_____ of governmental units is best understood (7)_____ the evolution of the United States. The federal system, it has been seen, was the last step in the (8)_____ process. Prior to its creation, there were the governments of the (9)_____ colonies (later states) and prior to (10)_____, the governments of counties and smaller units. One of the first tasks (11)_____ by the early English settlers was the creation of governmental units for the tiny (12)_____ they established along the Atlantic coast. Even before the Pilgrims disembarked (13)_____ their ship in 1620, they (14)_____ the Mayflower Compact, the first written American constitution. And as the new nation pushed (15)_____ each frontier outpost created its own government to manage its affairs. The drafters of the U.S. Constitution left this multilayered governmental system (16)_____. While they made the national structure supreme, they wisely (17)_____ the need for a series of governments more directly in (18)_____ with the people and more keenly attuned(合拍) to their needs. Thus, certain (19)_____ such as defense, currency regulation and foreign relations—could only be managed by a strong centralized government. But (20)_____ such as sanitation, education and local transportation—belong mainly to local jurisdictions(管辖权).
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The federal entity created by the Constitution is by far the dominant feature of the American governmental system. (1)_____ the system itself is in reality a mosaic, (2)_____ of thousands of smaller units—building blocks which together (3)_____ the whole. There are 50 state governments (4)_____ the government of the District of Columbia, and further down the ladder are still smaller units, (5)_____ counties, cities, towns and villages. This (6)_____ of governmental units is best understood (7)_____ the evolution of the United States. The federal system, it has been seen, was the last step in the (8)_____ process. Prior to its creation, there were the governments of the (9)_____ colonies (later states) and prior to (10)_____, the governments of counties and smaller units. One of the first tasks (11)_____ by the early English settlers was the creation of governmental units for the tiny (12)_____ they established along the Atlantic coast. Even before the Pilgrims disembarked (13)_____ their ship in 1620, they (14)_____ the Mayflower Compact, the first written American constitution. And as the new nation pushed (15)_____ each frontier outpost created its own government to manage its affairs. The drafters of the U.S. Constitution left this multilayered governmental system (16)_____. While they made the national structure supreme, they wisely (17)_____ the need for a series of governments more directly in (18)_____ with the people and more keenly attuned(合拍) to their needs. Thus, certain (19)_____ such as defense, currency regulation and foreign relations—could only be managed by a strong centralized government. But (20)_____ such as sanitation, education and local transportation—belong mainly to local jurisdictions(管辖权).
The federal entity created by the Constitution is by far the dominant feature of the American governmental system. (1)_____ the system itself is in reality a mosaic, (2)_____ of thousands of smaller units—building blocks which together (3)_____ the whole. There are 50 state governments (4)_____ the government of the District of Columbia, and further down the ladder are still smaller units, (5)_____ counties, cities, towns and villages. This (6)_____ of governmental units is best understood (7)_____ the evolution of the United States. The federal system, it has been seen, was the last step in the (8)_____ process. Prior to its creation, there were the governments of the (9)_____ colonies (later states) and prior to (10)_____, the governments of counties and smaller units. One of the first tasks (11)_____ by the early English settlers was the creation of governmental units for the tiny (12)_____ they established along the Atlantic coast. Even before the Pilgrims disembarked (13)_____ their ship in 1620, they (14)_____ the Mayflower Compact, the first written American constitution. And as the new nation pushed (15)_____ each frontier outpost created its own government to manage its affairs. The drafters of the U.S. Constitution left this multilayered governmental system (16)_____. While they made the national structure supreme, they wisely (17)_____ the need for a series of governments more directly in (18)_____ with the people and more keenly attuned(合拍) to their needs. Thus, certain (19)_____ such as defense, currency regulation and foreign relations—could only be managed by a strong centralized government. But (20)_____ such as sanitation, education and local transportation—belong mainly to local jurisdictions(管辖权).
The federal entity created by the Constitution is by far the dominant feature of the American governmental system. (1)_____ the system itself is in reality a mosaic, (2)_____ of thousands of smaller units—building blocks which together (3)_____ the whole. There are 50 state governments (4)_____ the government of the District of Columbia, and further down the ladder are still smaller units, (5)_____ counties, cities, towns and villages. This (6)_____ of governmental units is best understood (7)_____ the evolution of the United States. The federal system, it has been seen, was the last step in the (8)_____ process. Prior to its creation, there were the governments of the (9)_____ colonies (later states) and prior to (10)_____, the governments of counties and smaller units. One of the first tasks (11)_____ by the early English settlers was the creation of governmental units for the tiny (12)_____ they established along the Atlantic coast. Even before the Pilgrims disembarked (13)_____ their ship in 1620, they (14)_____ the Mayflower Compact, the first written American constitution. And as the new nation pushed (15)_____ each frontier outpost created its own government to manage its affairs. The drafters of the U.S. Constitution left this multilayered governmental system (16)_____. While they made the national structure supreme, they wisely (17)_____ the need for a series of governments more directly in (18)_____ with the people and more keenly attuned(合拍) to their needs. Thus, certain (19)_____ such as defense, currency regulation and foreign relations—could only be managed by a strong centralized government. But (20)_____ such as sanitation, education and local transportation—belong mainly to local jurisdictions(管辖权).
In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list (A、B、C、D、E、F、G……) to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are several extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. (10 points) Since childhood, most of us have been bombarded with roles—don"t be selfish, don"t complain, don"t be unreasonable, don"t interrupt, etc. (41)______. Do you wish you could learn to deal with minor irritations before anger festers into intense resentment and explosive aggression Assertiveness training can reduce stress by teaching you to stand up for your legitimate rights without bullying or being bullied. Step one is realizing that changes are needed. Then you must take action to make those changes a reality. Assertiveness training might be offered through your employer, your university or a private consultant. It might even be offered through distance learning on the Internet. (42)______. Such a workshop might include two workshop leaders for up to 18 participants in an all-day, six-hour event or two morning sessions one week apart, with "homework" being assigned between the two sessions. What kind of homework Practicing what you have learned and describing the experience in a personal diary. (43)______. Long breaks encourage free talk and generate enthusiasm among participants. It helps to know that others like yourself share your problems. At the beginning of the workshop, you may be asked to describe specific situations that you would like to handle better. During the workshop, you will hear lectures, see vignettes on DVD or video, and receive printed information on how to become more forthright. Role playing is an important element in assertiveness training. The workshop leader will present a scenario submitted by a workshop participant. (44)______. Research has shown that an American man is much likelier to feel at ease asking for a higher starting salary than an American woman. A woman with the same qualifications being considered for the same position is commonly inclined to fret: "If I ask for a higher salary, maybe they won"t hire me, "or" Maybe the company will think I don"t have enough experience for such a high salary". (45)______. The real-life situation can be thought of as a game; once that perception takes root, some of the stress and inhibition disappears. Meanwhile, the already more confident males in the workshop gain a better understanding of how the situation looks and feels for an inhibited job seeker. They acquire a bit of sympathy. And of course women aren"t the only people who ever ask for a higher starting salary or a raise; the communication techniques tried out in assertiveness workshops can be used by anyone.A. Since assertiveness training arose in the US, the principles trainers try to instill would need to be adjusted for a non-Western culture. Yet many would doubtless be as much in place in China as they are in North America or Europe.B. But what if those "rules" have made you into a passive, unassertive, accommodating, compliant person when you would really prefer to speak up more about your true feelings and desiresC. The role playing session helps female workshop participants find out how it feels to ask for a higher salary. They see what the possible responses are, and the workshop participants pool their brains and experience to come up with useful tactics.D. A typical example might be a situation from a job interview: the employer is offering a certain salary but the prospective employee thinks it"s too low. How to make it clear that you want a higher salary without sacrificing your chances of landing the job The workshop leader will have small groups work out strategies, probably involving a female job seeker and a male employer.E. If you are highly motivated, you could read and learn about how to become more assertive independently. Probably the best way to build assertiveness is a good assertiveness training workshop.F. For example, North American trainees are urged to focus positively on goals, not g on the other person. You may not like the other person. You may, in fact, mistrust, despise or fear the other person, but he is the fellow you have to negotiate with.G. The workshop should take place in a hospitable atmosphere with plenty of room, a comfortable temperature and light refreshments during breaks.
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