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Economic globalization is a powerful trend, driven by a (36) of technological developments, profit-seeking businesses, and generally supportive public policy. But globalization is also less (37) and more fragile than is widely-believed by both its supporters and its opponents. The demise of the first wave of globalization in the early decades of the twentieth century (38) demonstrates that it is not an irreversible trend. National borders and policies continue to play a role in limiting and directing international (39) . Discontent with globalization is widespread enough to be (40) . The most extreme and active of globalization’s opponents depict it as the source of all that is wrong in the modern world, including poverty, (41) , inequality, violence, and war.Those of us who believe in globalization need to defend it. We need to continue to provide and to (42) not just the actual goods, services, and capital that flow across international borders, but the associated trade in ideas, skills, and institutions as well. When (43) by sensible, market-oriented public policies, globalization can be a great benefit to national wealth and social development.(44) . nor is it a plot by profit-hungry mega-corporations to exploit workers and deprive the environment. At the most fundamental level, (45) . Acts of buying, selling, producing, borrowing, and lending that used to be ruled but by geographic, technological, or legal barriers have now become practical. (46) , precisely because globalization embodies. such a vast and marvelous array of new economic opportunities. 40（）
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Have other people’s delightful Facebook updates ever made you feel like a total loser Or have you ever felt that your best friend’s life is perfectly easy and joyful, while yours is nothing but struggle and anxiety You’re not alone.In a series of experiments, a new study--which was inspired by the Facebook envy experience— identified several interacting psychological factors that underlie the grass-is-greener phenomenon.First, 63 college freshmen were asked to report the positive and negative experiences they had had in the previous two weeks. Researchers found that 29% of students’ bad experiences occurred in private, compared with 15% of the good ones. And 40% of the time, people deliberately concealed negative feelings.That helps explain why other people always seem like they’re having so much fun--they tend to be happier in social settings, and they usually don’t dwell on feelings of loneliness or depression when they’re out in a group. In contrast, many of our negative emotions are experienced alone, so we’re the only ones who see ourselves at our loneliest and most depressed.The second study showed that students underestimated their peers’ negative feelings by 17%, while overestimating their positive emotions by 6%. It’s not surprising, given that when things aren’t going well, people try to keep their negative thoughts inside--no one wants to be a downer. That’s why people’s Facebook status updates are happy; very few people report on their latest failure. But although we all know that we hide our own negative feelings from others, we don’t realize how just how often our friends and families are doing exactly the same thing.The third experiment explored whether these perception errors had emotional consequences. As expected, those who thought other people had the fewest negative experiences were lonelier than other students, dwelled on their problems more and felt less satisfied. Interestingly, however, the students’ misperceptions were not correlated with happiness or depression. But the methods used in the study can’t determine whether being lonely and dissatisfied causes people to underestimate others’ negative emotions--or vice versa.Researchers also found that these problems intensified each other. It is suggested that your extra efforts at "image management"--whether in person or online--probably worsens feelings of isolation and distress in your friends, by adding to their impression that yours and others’ lives are happier and more successful than theirs.Of course, it’s not that your friends want to see you doing badly either. It’s not about schadenfreude (幸灾乐祸)Rather, as the study authors explain, it may be the same phenomenon that makes tragic art so appealing.Be aware that you can’t see what other people are really going through; the faces they present to the world may not accurately represent their true feelings. And remember that if you’re feeling alone, you’re in good company. Absurd as it may sound, the friends whom you envy may be envying you just as much! What is the relationship between students’ perception errors and their emotions（）
In an age of perpetual digital connectedness, why do people seem so disconnected In a Duke University study, researchers found that from 1985 to 2004, the (62) of people who said there was no one with whom they discussed important matters tripled, to 25%; the same study found that (63) , Americans had one-third (64) friends and confidants than they did two decades ago.Another recent study, by researchers at the University of Michigan, found that college students today have (65) less empathy--the ability to understand and (66) the feelings of another-- than students of generations past did. The reason, psychologists (67) , may have something to do with our increasing (68) on digital communication and other forms of new media.It’s possible that instead of (69) real friendships off-fine, e-mail and social networking may take the place of them--and the distance (70) in screen-only interactions may breed feelings of isolation or a tendency to care less about other people.The problem is, (71) empathy recedes, (72) does trust. And (73) trust, you can’t have a cohesive society. (74) the findings of a new study co-authored by Kevin Rockmann of George Mason University and Gregory Northcraft, a professor of executive leadership at the University of Illinois. Northcraft says high-tech communications like e-mail and videoconferencing strip away the personal interaction needed to (75) trust. In a business setting--as in all other social relationships outside the workplace--trust is a necessary (76) for effective cooperation within a group.In Rockmann and Northcraft’s study, 200 students were divided into teams and asked to manage two (77) projects, one having to do with nuclear disarmament (裁军)； the other, price fixing. Some groups (78) via e-mail, some via videoconference and others face to face. In the end, those who met in (79) showed the most trust and most effective cooperation; those using e-mail were the (80) able to work together and get the job done.Northcraft thinks this is because real-life meetings, during which participants can see how engaged their colleagues are, breed more trust. Over e-mail, (81) confirmation of hard work gets lost, which tends to encourage mutual slacking off (懈怠). 78（）
Record Level of Stress Found in College FreshmenThe emotional health of college freshmen--who feel buffeted by the recession and stressed by the pressures of high school--has declined to the lowest level since an annual survey of incoming students started collecting data 25 years ago.In the survey, "The American Freshman: National Norms Fall 2010", involving more than 200,000 incoming full-time students at four-year colleges, the percentage of students rating themselves as "below average" in emotional health rose. Meanwhile, the percentage of students who said their emotional health was above average fell to 52 percent. It was 64 percent in 1985.Every year, women had a less positive view of their emotional health than men, and that gap has widened.Campus counselors say the survey results are the latest evidence of what they see every day in their offices--students who are depressed, under stress and using psychiatric medication, prescribed even before they came to college.The economy has only added to the stress, not just because of financial pressures on their parents but also because the students are worried about their own college debt and job prospects when they graduate."This fits with what we’re all seeing," said Brian Van Brunt, director of counseling at Western Kentucky University and president of the American College Counseling Association. "More students are arriving on campus with problems, needing support, and today’s economic factors are putting a lot of extra stress on college students, as they look at their loans and wonder if there will be a career waiting for them on the other side."The annual survey of freshmen is considered the most comprehensive because of its size and longevity. At the same time, the question asking students to rate their own emotional health compared with that of others is hard to assess, since it requires them to come up with their own definition of emotional health, and to make judgments of how they compare with their peers."Most people probably think emotional health means, ’Am I happy most of the time, and do I feel good about myself’ so it probably correlates with mental health," said Dr. Mark Reed, the psychiatrist who directs Dartmouth College’s counseling office."I don’t think students have an accurate sense of other people’s mental health," he added. "There’s a lot of pressure to put on a perfect face, and people often think they’re the only ones having trouble."To some extent, students’ decline in emotional health may result from pressures they put on themselves.While first-year students’ assessments of their emotional health were declining, their ratings of their own drive to achieve, and academic ability, have been going up, and reached a record high in 2010, with about three-quarters saying they were above average."Students know their generation is likely to be less successful than their parents, so they feel more pressure to succeed than in the past," said Jason Ebbeling, director of residential education at Southern Oregon University. "These days, students worry that even with a college degree they won’t find a job that pays more than minimum wage, so even at 15 or 16 they’re thinking they’ll need to get into an M. B. A. program or Ph. D. program."Other findings in the survey underscore the degree to which the economy is weighing on college students. "Paternal unemployment is at the highest level since we started measuring," said John Pryor, director of the Cooperative Institutional Research Program at U. C. L. A. ’s Higher Education Research Institute, which does the annual freshman survey. "More students are taking out loans. And we’re seeing the impact of not being able to get a summer job, and the importance of financial aid in choosing which college they’re going to attend.""We don’t know exactly why students’ emotional health is declining," he said. "But it seems the economy could be a lot of it."For many young people, serious stress starts before college. The share of students who said on the survey that they had been frequently overwhelmed by all they had to do during their senior year of high school rose to 29 percent from 27 percent last year.The gender gap on that question was even larger than on emotional health, with 18 percent of the men saying they had been frequently overwhelmed, compared with 39 percent of the women.There is also a gender gap, studies have shown, in the students who seek out college mental health services, with women making up 60 percent or more of the clients."Boys are socialized not to talk about their feelings or express stress, while girls are more likely to say they’re having a tough time," said Perry C. Francis, coordinator for counseling services at Eastern Michigan University in Ypsilanti. "Guys might go out and do something destructive, or stupid, that might include property damage. Girls act out differently."Linda Sax, a professor of education at U. C. L. A. and former director of the freshman study who uses the data in research about college gender gaps, said the gap between men and women on emotional well-being was one of the largest in the survey."One aspect of it is how women and men spent their leisure time," she said, "Men tend to find more time for leisure and activities that relieve stress, like exercise and sports, while women tend tc take on more responsibilities, like volunteer work and helping out with their family, that don’t relieve stress."In addition, Professor Sax has explored the role of the faculty in college students’ emotional health, and found that interactions with faculty members were particularly remarkable for women. Negative interactions had a greater impact on their mental health."Women’s sense of emotional well-being was more closely tied to how they felt the faculty treated them," she said. "It wasn’t so much the level of contact as whether they felt they were being taken seriously by the professor. If not, it was more detrimental to women than to men." She added: "And while men who challenged their professor’s ideas in class had a decline in stress, for women it was associated with a decline in well-being.\ What is the difference between boys and girls on tackling stress（）
On Feb. 15, 1965, a timid but sober-headed high school student named Raymond Kurzweil appeared as a guest on a game show called I’ve Got a Secret. He was introduced by the host, and then he played a short musical composition on a piano. His secret was that the music was composed by a computer.Kurzweil then demonstrated the computer, which he built himself--a desk-size affair with loudly cracking relays(继动器), hooked up to a typewriter.People were more impressed by Kurzweil’s age than by anything he’d actually done. But Kurzweil would spend much of the rest of his career working out what his demonstration meant. Creating a work of art is one of those activities we reserve for humans and humans only. It’s an act of self-expression; you’re not supposed to be able to do it if you don’t have a self. To see creativity, the exclusive domain of humans, seized by a computer built by a 17-year-old is to watch a line blur that cannot be unblurred, the line between organic intelligence and artificial intelligence.That was Kurzweil’s real secret, and back in 1965 nobody guessed it. Maybe not even him, not yet. But now, 46 years later, Kurzweil believes that we’re approaching a moment when computers will become intelligent, and not just intelligent but more intelligent than humans.Computers are getting faster and the rate at which they’re getting faster is increasing. So if computers are getting so much faster, so incredibly fast, there might conceivably come a moment when they are capable of something comparable to human intelligence. Artificial intelligence. All that horsepower could be put in the service of imitating whatever it is our brains are doing when they create consciousness--not just doing arithmetic very quickly or composing piano music but also driving cars. writing books, or making witty observations at cocktail parties.It’s impossible to predict the behavior of these smarter-than-human intelligences with which we might one day share the planet, because if you could, you’d be as smart as they would be. But there are a lot of theories about it. Maybe we’ll merge with them to become super-intelligent cyborgs(半机器人), using computers to extend our intellectual abilities the same way that cars and planes extend our physical abilities. Maybe the artificial intelligences will help us treat the effects of old age and prolong our life spans indefinitely. Maybe we’ll scan our consciousness into computers and live inside them as software, forever, virtually.The one thing all these theories have in common is the transformation of our species into something that is no longer recognizable. This transformation has a name: the Singularity. It’s not a marginal idea; it’s a serious hypothesis about the future of life on Earth. What does the author tell us about artificial intelligence（）
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