题目内容
Section B
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice.
There are two types of people in the world. Although they have equal degrees of health and wealth and the other comforts of life, one becomes happy, the other becomes miserable. This arises from the different ways in which they consider things, persons and events, and the resulting effects upon their minds.
The people who are to be happy fix their attention on the conveniences of things, the pleasant parts of conversation, the well-prepared dishes, the goodness of the wines, the fine weather. They enjoy all the cheerful things. Those who are to be unhappy think and speak only of the contrary things. Therefore they are continually discontented. By their remarks, they sour the pleasures of society, offend many people, and make themselves disagreeable everywhere. If this turn of mind were founded in nature, such unhappy persons would be the more to be pitied. The tendency to criticize and be disgusted is perhaps taken up originally by imitation. It grows into a habit, unknown to its possessors. The habit may be strong, but it may be cured when those who have it are convinced of its bad effects on their interests and tastes. I hope this little warning may be of service to them, and help them change this habit.
Although in fact it is chiefly an act of the imagination, it has serious consequences in life, since it brings on deep sorrow and bad luck. Those people offend many others, nobody loves them, and no one treats them with more than the most common politeness and respect, and scarcely that. This frequently puts them in bad temper and draws them into arguments, If they aim at obtaining some advantage in random fortune. Nobody wishes them success. Nor will anyone stir a step or speak a word to favor their hopes. If they bring on themselves public disapproval, no one will defend or excuse them, and many will join to criticize their misconduct. These people should change this bad habit and condescend (俯就)to be pleased with what is pleasing, without worrying needlessly about themselves and others. If they do not, it will be good for others to avoid any contact with them. Otherwise, it can be disagreeable and sometimes very inconvenient, especially when one becomes mixed up in their quarrels.
People who are unhappy ______.
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听力原文： I'm a freelance andio-visual and graphics designer and I work for the conference industry. I design the slide show, which we call AVs, short for audio-visuals.
The first thing I think about in the morning is breakfast. I'm usually up at about 8.00 a.m. and sit down and start work at about 10.00) a.m. I can do all the designing part of my job at home, so I might sketch for a couple of hours before lunch.I'm lucky as I can design very fast. It might take me an hour to design something that would take someone else a day to do.The problem is that once I've done that, I'll stop and not work for the mst of the day! As a freelance, there's no one making sure I'm working, so motivation can be a problem.
Working freelance means I'm my own boss and I can decide when I work. Consequently, I have more time for myself. I've designed an adult board game and now I have the time to reline it before I try to sell it to one of the big games companies.When I was working as an employee of just one company, I couldn't do that because I had to work such long hours. The disadvantage of freelance work is that you don't have the stability of a monthly wage. At the moment I don't know if I'll have any work in December and January.
I think my job is the most difficult when I have an idea block. Fortunately, it doesn't happen that often, but it is quite stressful constantly having to think of new ideas. Now I've calmed down quite a lot and don't find it as stressful as I used to.
In the afternoons, I may continue working at home or I might have a meeting with a producer.
Now that I'm working freelance and not tied to one company, my evenings and weekends are generally free. As a designer, it's important for me to keep up with what's happening in the design world, so I often go to the cinema and exhibitions. But I don't see this as work, it's definitely a pleasure!
I think I'll stay in this job for now. I don't think there are many people who really enjoy their work as much as I do.It's a very exciting job and I get a terrific kick out of seeing my designs up on screen at a show.
(33)
What is a Port City？
The port city provides a fascinating and rich understanding of the movement of people and goods around the world. We understand a port as a centre of land-sea exchange, and so a major source of livelihood and a major force for cultural mixing. But do ports all produce a range of common urban characteristics which justify classifying port cities together under a single generic label？ Do they have enough in common to warrant distinguishing them from other kinds of cities？
A port must be distinguished from a harbor. They are two very different things. Most ports have poor harbors, and many fine harbors see few ships. Harbor is a physical concept, a shelter for ships; port is an economic concept, a centre of land-sea exchange which requires good access to a hinterland even more than a sealinked foreland, it is landward access, which is productive of goods for export and which demands imports, that is critical. Poor harbors can be improved with breakwaters and dredging if there is a demand for a port. Madras and Colombo are examples of harbors expensively improved by enlarging, dredging and building breakwaters.
Port cities become industrial, financial and service centers and political capitals because of their water connections and the urban concentration which arises there and later draws to it railways, highways and air routes. Water transport means cheap access, the chief basis of all port cities. Many of the world's biggest cities, for example, London, New York, Shanghai, Istanbul, Buenos Aires, Tokyo, Jakarta, Calcutta, Philadelphia and San Francisco began as ports-that is, with land-sea exchange as their major function, but they have since grown disproportionately in other respects so that their port functions are no longer dominant. They remain different kinds of places from non-port cities and their port functions account for that difference.
Port functions, more than anything else, make a city cosmopolitan. A port city is open to the world. In its races, cultures, and ideas, as well as goods from a variety of places, jostle, mix and enrich each other and the lire of the city.
The smell of the sea and the harbor, the sound of boat whistles or the moving tides are symbols of their multiple links with a wide world, samples of which are present in microcosm within their own urban areas.
Sea ports have been transformed by the advent of powered vessels, whose size and draught have increased. Many formerly important ports have become economically and physically less accessible as a result. By-passed by most of their former enriching flow of exchange, they have become cultural and economic backwaters or have acquired the character of museums of the past. Examples of these are Charleston, Salem, Bristol, Plymouth, Surat, Gallo, Melaka, Suzhou chow, and a long list of earlier prominent port cities in Southeast Asia, Africa and Latin America.
Much domestic port trade has not been recorded. What evidence we have suggested that domestic trade was greater at all periods than external trade. Shanghai, for example, did most of its trade with other Chinese ports and inland cities. Calcutta traded mainly with other parts of India and so on. Most of any city's population is engaged in providing goods and services for the city itself. Trade outside the city is its basic function. But each basic worker requires food housing, clothing and other such services. Estimates of the ratio of basic to service workers range from 1: 4 to 1: 8.
No city can be simply a port but must be involved in a variety of other activities. The port function of the city draws to it raw materials and distributes them in many other forms. Ports take advantage of the need for breaking up the bulk material where water and land transport meet and where loading and unloading costs can be minimized by refining raw mate
Ports attract many subsidiary and independent industries.
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