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Global Warming
（1） Smoke is clouding our view of global warming， protecting the planet from perhaps three-quarters of the greenhouse （温室） effect. That might sound like good news， but experts say that as the cover diminishes in coming decades， we are facing a dramatic increase of warming that could be two or even three times as great as official best guesses.
（2） This was the dramatic conclusion reached last week at a workshop in Dahlem， Berlin， where top atmospheric scientists got together， including Nobel prize winner Paul Crutzen and Swedish scientist Bert Bolin， former chairman of the UN"s Intergovemmental Panel on Climate Change （IPCC）.
（3） IPCC scientists have suspected for a decade that aerosols （浮质） of smoke and other particles from burning rainforest， crop waste and fossil fuels are blocking sunlight and counteracting the warming effect of carbon dioxide （二氧化碳） emissions. Until now， they reckoned that aerosols reduced greenhouse warming by perhaps a quarter， cutting increases by 0.2℃. So the 0.6℃ of warming over the past century would have been 0.8℃without aerosols.
（4） But the Berlin workshop concluded that the real figure is even higher——aerosols may have reduced global warming by as much as three-quarters， cutting increases by 1.80C. If SO， the good news is that aerosols have prevented the world getting almost two degrees warmer than it is now. But the bad news is that the climate system is much more sensitive to greenhouse gases than previously guessed.
（5） As those gases are expected to continue accumulating in the atmosphere while aerosols stabilize or fall， that means "dramatic consequences for estimates of future climate change"，the scientists agreed in a draft report from the workshop．
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The Book of Life
So far， scientists have named about 1.8 million living species （物种）， and that"s just a small part of what probably exists on Earth. With so many plants， animals， and other creatures covering the planet， it can be tough to figure out what type of spider is moving up your leg or what kind of bird is flying by.
A soon-to-be-launched Web site might help. An international team of researchers has announced the creation of a Web-based Encyclopedia （百科全书） of Life （EoL）. The project aims to catalog every species on Earth in a single， easy-to-use reference guide.
To get the encyclopedia started， the creators will use information from scientific databases （数据库） that already exist. And eventually， in special sections of the site， nonscientists with specialized（专门的 ）knowledge will get to join in. Bird-watchers， for example， will be able to input which birds they"ve seen and where. The technology for this kind of tool has only recently become available.
As the EoL develops， you might find it useful for school projects. The site will feature special pages for kids who are studying ecosystems （生态系统） in their neighborhoods. To make sure the encyclopedia is accurate， scientists will review much of the information added to it. People who visit the site will be able to choose to leave out pages that haven"t been reviewed.
Another convenient feature of the EoL is that you"ll be able to pick the level of detail you see to match your interests， age， and current knowledge. If you wanted to learn about bears for a science class report， for example， you could use the "novice" setting to get basic information about the animals. On the "expert" setting， on the other hand， you could get much more detailed information about the history， literature， and exploration of bears.
It now takes years for scientists to collect all the data they need to describe and analyze species. The creators of the Encyclopedia of Life hope that their new tool will speed that process.
"Spider" and "bird" mentioned in Paragraph 1 are examples to illustrate __________. 查看材料
On their trip across the desert: the three men ran through five countries.
Sometimes they couldn‘t see the road because it was windy.
They sometimes felt sick because it was so hot. 查看材料
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