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Standard English is the variety of English which is usually used in print and which is normally taught in schools and to non-native speakers learning the language. It is also the variety which is normally (21) by educated people and used in news broadcasts and other (22) situations. The difference between standard and nonstandard, it should be noted, has (23) in principle to do with differences between formal and colloquial (24) ; standard English has colloquial as well as formal variants. (25) , the standard variety of English is based on the London (26) of English that developed after the Norman Conquest resulted in the removal of the Court from Winchester to London. This dialect became the one (27) by the educated, and it was developed and promoted (28) a model, or norm, for wider and wider segments of society. It was also the (29) that was carried overseas, but not one unaffected by such export. Today, (30) English is arranged to the extent that the grammar and vocabulary of English are (31) the same everywhere in the world where English is used; (32) among local standards is really quite minor, (33) the Singapore, South Africa, and Irish varieties are really very (34) different from one another so far as grammar and vocabulary are (35) . Indeed, Standard English is so powerful that it exerts a tremendous (36) on all local varieties, to the extent that many of long-established dialects of England have (37) much of their vigor and there is considerable pressure on them to be (38) . This latter situation ig not unique (39) English: it is also true in other countries where processes of standardization are (40) . But it sometimes creates problems for speakers who try to strike some kind of compromise between local norms and national, even supranational (跨国的) ones. 21().

A. formal
B. colloquial
C. non-standard
D. standard

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N Miss Dupont is staying at Hotel Neptune for the first time. After checking in at the Reception Desk, she asks what kinds of breakfast she can get at the hotel next morning. When she is told that the hotel serves two kinds of breakfast, Chinese and European, from 7 o’clock until 10, she asks whether it can be served in her room. Like most other hotels in town, the girl at the Reception Desk says, the hotel has room service and guests may have their breakfast in their room if they like. Guests may also order different kinds of fruit juice such as pineapple juice, orange juice or grape juice and they may also have tea or coffee. Then, Miss Dupont decides to have European breakfast with pineapple juice and hot coffee at 8:30 in her room. At 8:30 the next morning, the door bell rings. It is the maid (服 务员) bringing up her breakfast. She asks the maid to put it on the desk. The coffee is nice and hot and Miss Dupont knows that she is going to enjoy her stay in this town. Which of the following is TRUE

A. Most guests don’t need room service.
B. There is no room service at Hotel Neptune.
C. Most hotels in town have room service.

M Mr Brown lived in a house less than two miles from his office. He was able to drive home every day for lunch. Every time he drove home in the middle of the day, he found that oars were parked on the road outside his house and there was no room for his own. He had to drive two hundred meters more before he could find a place to park his oar. Then he had to walk back home. This made him very angry. Then, he set up a board in the garden facing the road. It had two words "No Parking" on it, but nobody seemed to notice (注 意) it. If it was a blue board with the words "Police Notice: No Parking", no car would be parked in front of his house. So, Mrs Brown suggested that he make one like the police notice (告示). Mr Brown said he was not the police and couldn’t use the word "police". But he decided he must find a way out and started thinking hard. Several days passed. Then one evening, he showed his wife a new blue board with the words "Polite Notice: No Parking" on it. "Oh!" Mrs Brown said. "You told me you weren’t going to use the word "police", but this is just like a police notice." "Is it" Mr Brown asked. "Look again." Mrs Brown started to laugh. "You are really very clever.\ At last, Mr Brown decided to put up a new notice. What did it look like

A. It had the right color.
B. It had the word "police" on it.
C. It looked just like a police notice.

N Miss Dupont is staying at Hotel Neptune for the first time. After checking in at the Reception Desk, she asks what kinds of breakfast she can get at the hotel next morning. When she is told that the hotel serves two kinds of breakfast, Chinese and European, from 7 o’clock until 10, she asks whether it can be served in her room. Like most other hotels in town, the girl at the Reception Desk says, the hotel has room service and guests may have their breakfast in their room if they like. Guests may also order different kinds of fruit juice such as pineapple juice, orange juice or grape juice and they may also have tea or coffee. Then, Miss Dupont decides to have European breakfast with pineapple juice and hot coffee at 8:30 in her room. At 8:30 the next morning, the door bell rings. It is the maid (服 务员) bringing up her breakfast. She asks the maid to put it on the desk. The coffee is nice and hot and Miss Dupont knows that she is going to enjoy her stay in this town. The maid brings Miss Dupont ______.

A. European breakfast with pineapple juice and coffee
B. European breakfast with apple juice and coffee
C. European breakfast with grape juice and tea

In the preceding chapter, economic welfare was taken broadly to consist of that group of satisfactions and dissatisfactions which can be brought into relation with a money measure. We have now to observe that this relation is not a direct one, but is mediated through desires and aversions. That is to say, the money that a person is prepared to offer for a thing measures directly, not the satisfaction he will get from the thing, but the intensity of his desire for it. This distinction, obvious when stated, has been somewhat obscured for English-speaking students by the employment of the term utility——which naturally carries an association with satisfaction——to represent intensity of desire. Thus, when one thing is desired by a person more keenly than another, it is said to possess a greater utility to that person. Several writers have endeavored to get rid of the confusion which this use of words generates by substituting "utility," in the above sense for some other term, such as "desirability". The term "desiredness" seems, however, to be preferable, because, since it cannot be taken to have any ethical implication, it is less ambiguous. I shall myself employ that term.Generally speaking, everybody prefers present pleasures or satisfactions of given magnitude to future pleasures or satisfactions of equal magnitude, even when the latter are perfectly certain to occur. But this preference for present pleasures does not——the idea is serf-contradictory——imply that a present pleasure of given magnitude is any greater than a future pleasure of the same magnitude. It implies only that our telescopic faculty is defective, and that we, therefore, see future pleasures, as it were, on a diminished scale. That this is the right explanation is proved by the fact that exactly the same diminution is experienced when, apart from our tendency to forget ungratifying incidents, we contemplate the past.Our analysis also suggests that economic welfare could be increased by some rightly chosen degree of differentiation in favor of saving. Nobody, of course, holds that the State should force its citizens to act as though so much objective wealth now and in the future were of exactly equal importance. In view of the uncertainty of productive developments, to say nothing of the mortality of nations and eventually of the human race itself, this would not, even in the extremest theory, be sound policy. But there is wide agreement that the State should protect the interests of the future in some degree against the effects of our irrational discounting and of our preference for ourselves over our descendants. The whole movement for "conservation" in the United States is based on this conviction.It is the clear duty of Government, which is the trustee for unborn generations as well as for its pre sent citizens, to watch over, and, if need be, by legislative enactment, to defend, the exhaustible natural resources of the country from rash and reckless spoliation.Plainly, ff we assume adequate competence on the part of governments, there is a valid case for some artificial encouragement to investment, particularly to investments the return from which will only begin to appear after the lapse of many years. It must, however, be remembered that, so long as people are left free to decide for themselves how much work they will do, interference, by fiscal or any other means, with the way they employ the resources that their work yields to them may react to diminish the aggregate amount of this work and so of those resources. What does, according to the author, economic welfare consist of().

A. a general sense of contentment with any individual being part of a group.
B. a basic duality or dichotomy between the amount of pleasures that one individual can experience and discontentment.
C. the act of measuring the amount of gratifications and dissatisfactions with a measure of value.
D. the relentless idea that people have to forfeit in expiation for their pleasures.

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