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简述一般创建分销渠道的途径。

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简述成就动机理论的主要贡献。

TEXT A An airliner travelling from London to New York may take from five to fifteen hours to cross the Atlantic, while a space capsule makes one complete circuit of the earth in about ninety minutes. The sequence of events is very similar in both types of flight: the vehicle must take off, climb to a suitable height, fly in the right direction at a relatively constant speed for an appropriate time, descend, and land at the destination. Yet although flights to New York are routine affairs which almost anyone may safely undertake, a flight into space is a hazardous adventure for which only a few selected men are at present considered suitable. The most obvious difference between an aircraft and a space vehicle is that of speed, but this alone cannot account for the greater stamina required of astronauts. The human body is unaffected by speed alone and we are normally quite unconscious of the earth’s rotation on its axis, or of its rapid motion around the Sun. Of much greater importance is the rate at which the final speed is achieved, for the body is extremely sensitive to alterations of velocity, or accelerations, especially if they are sudden. An airliner can take a comparatively long time to reach its cruising speed of, say, 400mph, and its passengers will experience acceleration only to a mild degree. The space capsule, however, must be hurled through the atmosphere to reach its final speed of 18,000 mph as quickly as possible, and the acceleration applied by the launching rocket must be correspondingly high. The first problem of manned space flight, therefore, is to match the performance of the rocket to the body’s tolerance for acceleration, and this naturally involves a study of the physiological effects of acceleration. Like all other accelerations, gravity acts upon objects to produce a force, and this force is experienced as weight, or as pressure. It is usual and convenient to regard the earth’s gravity as a standard unit, referred to as lg, and also to use the expressions "force" and "acceleration" as interchangeable. Most of our knowledge of the physiological effects of acceleration has come from studies on human centrifuges, in which acceleration is produced by rotation instead of by changing speed. It has been found that human tolerance is greatly affected by the direction in which the force acts. When the acceleration is applied in line with the long axis of the body, the early symptoms are merely of difficulty in lifting the arms and legs, and of being thrust down into the seat. If the acceleration is raised to 3g or so, vision becomes slightly misty or veiled. As the stress is increased further, the field of view contracts from the edges, until at about 4.5g only a small patch of central vision remains. With yet higher accelerations, even this small area is lost, and this is the state well known to fighter pilots as "black-out". Finally, at about 5.5g to 6g consciousness is lost. The remedy follows logically: if tolerance depends upon the ability of the heart to push blood to the head, it should be possible to reduce the load by shortening the distance between heart and brain. Crouching, or bending the head forward, would be one solution, but an even more satisfactory result can be achieved by placing the body across the line of thrust. The effort needed to pump blood to the brain is then quite small, for the heavy fluid does not have to be lifted very far. In this position men have. withstood an acceleration of 17g for a period of three or four minutes without loss of consciousness. Gravity and acceleration become important once more during the re-entry of the space capsule through the earth’s atmosphere. In this phase, all the speed acquired at the cost of so much fuel during the launch must be lost. Deceleration has exactly the same properties and physiological effects as acceleration, and the same precautions must be taken to avoid exceeding the limits of tolerance. This is why the American plan involves turning the whole capsule round shortly before re-entry, so that the man is again pressed back into his protective couch. The highest, and shortest, deceleration of the entire flight comes at the moment of impact with the land or water. Here the last remnants of the speed must be lost very suddenly, and forces of up to 30g can easily accompany descent to an unyielding surface. The duration of this final insult is so short, however, that its physiological effects are negligible. No doubt the astronaut would regard the jolt as a welcome indication of his return to a normal 1g environment. Acceleration and deceleration are alike in all the following aspects EXCEPT______.

A. Both of them have the same properties
Both of them have the same physiological effects
C. In both processes, the same precautions must be taken
D. The physiological effects are negligible in both of them

Get rid of waste. Once the fundamental infrastructure is in place, the concept of the "extended enterprise" comes into play. It’s not just about integrated "lowest-cost" manufacturing and streamlined distribution processes, although both are key components. It involves taking waste out of the entire value chain through effectively implementing technology, along with building strong alliances and partnerships. Take General Electric (GE), who has informed its suppliers that it will conduct its entire procurement process on the Internet via electronic procurement communities. So if a company wants to do business with GE, it needs to do it GE’s way-online. Know the customers. Best-practice companies today have a deep understanding of their customer base and their levels of satisfaction with their products and services. E-business will have a dramatic impact on those companies who continue to market their products and services via the costly face-to-face direct selling model. Companies who foster online communities and communications with their customers will enjoy customer loyalty and market share. Information is power. Finally, none of the other three cornerstones is very meaningful without accurate profit information. The streamlining process is impossible without clear and accurate information about the company’s activities and costs. Knowing which customers to nurture and which ones require more effort--even a modification of product and service delivery models is critical to understanding customer profitability. Making up profit deficiencies "in volume" from one customer set subsidizing another is an oxymoron in a world of custom products and services. In a world where each customer can specify exactly what he wants, volume product dissolves into lot sizes of one. If you think you have profit margin squeeze today, imagine how much tighter things can become when your customers can compare shops online! Knowledge of true costs is imperative. Which of the following statements can NOT be inferred from the passage

A. Once the fundamental infrastructure is in place, a company can operate ERP system effectively.
B. A company that starts doing e-business may in turn influence the way in which its partners do business.
C. Marketing through e-business is less cost-consuming for a company.
D. E-business is more likely to help a company cater to individual’s needs.

Shanghai is the largest city in China. About eleven million people make their homes in Shanghai and its suburbs (郊区). This enormous (巨大的) city spreads out along the banks of the Hoang Pu River, which flows into the mouth of the Yangtze River about fourteen miles north of here. Large oceangoing ships travel to Shanghai by way of the Yangtze and the Huang Pu. Shanghai was a small, unimportant city until 1842 when China lost a war with Great Britain. Tile British realized that Shanghai was in an excellent location(位置) to serve as a seaport for the densely(密集) populated Yangtze River Plain. They forced the Chinese to allow English traders to settle on the wastelands outside the city walls. Later, French, American, and Japanese traders also came to Shanghai. The foreigners built whole new sections of Shanghai, including homes, stores, factories, and office buildings. Thousands of Chinese poured into Shanghai in search of jobs. Most of them settled in the old part of the city. As time passed, shanghai became one of the busiest seaports in the world. The Yangtze River is connected with ______.

A. the Huang Pu River
B. the mouth of Huang Pu River
C. Shanghai
D. the Pu Dong district

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