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All Americans are at least vaguely (1) with the (2) of the American Indian. Cutbacks in federal programs for Indians have made their problems (3) more severe in recent years. Josephy reports," (4) 1981 it was estimated that cut, backs in federal programs for Indians totaled about $ 500 million" (5) mole than ten times the cuts affecting their (6) fellow Americans. This reduced funding is affecting almost all aspects of reservation life, (7) education. If the Indians could solve their (8) problems, solutions to many of their other problems might not be far behind. In, this paper the current status of Indian education will be described and (9) and some ways of improving this education will be proposed.Whether to (10) with the dominant American culture or to (11) Indian culture has been a longstanding issue in Indian education. The next fifty years became a period of (12) assimilation in all areas of Indian culture, but especially in religion and education (Jacoby 83r84).John Collier, a reformer who agitated . (13) Indians and their culture from the early 1920s until his death in 1968, had a different i dea. He believed that instead of effacing native culture, Indian schools (14) encourage and (15) it ( Dippie’276, 325 ).Pressure to assimilate remains a potent force today, (16) . More and more Indians are graduating from high school and college and becoming (17) for jobs in the non - Indian society." When Indians obtain the requisite skills, many of them enter the broader American society and succeed." (18) approximately 90 percent of all Indian children are educated in state public school systems (Taylor 136, 155). (19) these children compete with the members of the dominant society, however, is another (20) . Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)13（）
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All Americans are at least vaguely (1) with the (2) of the American Indian. Cutbacks in federal programs for Indians have made their problems (3) more severe in recent years. Josephy reports," (4) 1981 it was estimated that cut, backs in federal programs for Indians totaled about $ 500 million" (5) mole than ten times the cuts affecting their (6) fellow Americans. This reduced funding is affecting almost all aspects of reservation life, (7) education. If the Indians could solve their (8) problems, solutions to many of their other problems might not be far behind. In, this paper the current status of Indian education will be described and (9) and some ways of improving this education will be proposed.Whether to (10) with the dominant American culture or to (11) Indian culture has been a longstanding issue in Indian education. The next fifty years became a period of (12) assimilation in all areas of Indian culture, but especially in religion and education (Jacoby 83r84).John Collier, a reformer who agitated . (13) Indians and their culture from the early 1920s until his death in 1968, had a different i dea. He believed that instead of effacing native culture, Indian schools (14) encourage and (15) it ( Dippie’276, 325 ).Pressure to assimilate remains a potent force today, (16) . More and more Indians are graduating from high school and college and becoming (17) for jobs in the non - Indian society." When Indians obtain the requisite skills, many of them enter the broader American society and succeed." (18) approximately 90 percent of all Indian children are educated in state public school systems (Taylor 136, 155). (19) these children compete with the members of the dominant society, however, is another (20) . Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)17（）
Text 1You might be forgiven for thinking that sleep researchers are a dozy bunch. Most of the other things people do regularly -- eat, excrete, copulate and so on -- are biologically fairly straightforward: there is little mystery about how or why they are done. Sleep, on the other hand, which takes up more of most people’ s time than all of the above, .and which attracts plenty of study, is still fundamentally a mystery.The one view shared by all is that sleep matters. For evidence, look no further than the experiments led by Allan Rechtaschaffen and Bernard Bergmann at the University of Chicago in the 1980s. They kept experimental rats awake around the clock in an environment where control rats were allowed as much sleep as’ they wanted. The sleep - deprived rats all died within a month.Carol Everson worked with the Chicago team as a graduate student and now has a job at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland. While repeating the Chicago experiments she was struck by the fact that, although the sleep - deprived rats showed no obvious symptoms of particular diseases--and no such signs were picked up in post - mortems--their emaciation and generally sorry state was reminiscent of that which befalls many terminal cancer patients and AIDS patients, whose immune systems have packed up. While Dr Everson does not claim to have hard and fast proof that sleep is needed for resistance to infection, her work does point that way-- as does the re search of others around the world.Another approach is to look for chemicals that cause sleep; from these, you should be able to start telling a biological story which will eventually reveal the function of sleep. Peter Shiromani of Harvard Medical School has found a protein that builds up at high levels in chronically sleep - deprived cats, but disappears within an hour if the animals are allowed 45 minutes of recovery sleep. Researchers at the University of Veron have found something similar. But no one chemical tells the whole story.So new ways of inducing sleep may soon be available; an understanding of its purpose, though, remains elusive. In this, sleep is like the other great biological commonplace that is still mysterious: consciousness, which is also easily altered chemically but not too well under stood. No one knows how Consciousness arises, or what , if anything, it is for( though there are a lot of theories). Almost the only thing that can be said about it for certain is that you lose it when you fall asleep. Solving the mystery of sleeping and waking might require new insights into the consciousness that is lost and regained in the process. Putting it this way makes the problem sound rather grander, and the lack of progress so far look a bit less dozy. Why does the writer say "You might be forgiven for thinking that ... "（）
All Americans are at least vaguely (1) with the (2) of the American Indian. Cutbacks in federal programs for Indians have made their problems (3) more severe in recent years. Josephy reports," (4) 1981 it was estimated that cut, backs in federal programs for Indians totaled about $ 500 million" (5) mole than ten times the cuts affecting their (6) fellow Americans. This reduced funding is affecting almost all aspects of reservation life, (7) education. If the Indians could solve their (8) problems, solutions to many of their other problems might not be far behind. In, this paper the current status of Indian education will be described and (9) and some ways of improving this education will be proposed.Whether to (10) with the dominant American culture or to (11) Indian culture has been a longstanding issue in Indian education. The next fifty years became a period of (12) assimilation in all areas of Indian culture, but especially in religion and education (Jacoby 83r84).John Collier, a reformer who agitated . (13) Indians and their culture from the early 1920s until his death in 1968, had a different i dea. He believed that instead of effacing native culture, Indian schools (14) encourage and (15) it ( Dippie’276, 325 ).Pressure to assimilate remains a potent force today, (16) . More and more Indians are graduating from high school and college and becoming (17) for jobs in the non - Indian society." When Indians obtain the requisite skills, many of them enter the broader American society and succeed." (18) approximately 90 percent of all Indian children are educated in state public school systems (Taylor 136, 155). (19) these children compete with the members of the dominant society, however, is another (20) . Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)12（）
Text 1You might be forgiven for thinking that sleep researchers are a dozy bunch. Most of the other things people do regularly -- eat, excrete, copulate and so on -- are biologically fairly straightforward: there is little mystery about how or why they are done. Sleep, on the other hand, which takes up more of most people’ s time than all of the above, .and which attracts plenty of study, is still fundamentally a mystery.The one view shared by all is that sleep matters. For evidence, look no further than the experiments led by Allan Rechtaschaffen and Bernard Bergmann at the University of Chicago in the 1980s. They kept experimental rats awake around the clock in an environment where control rats were allowed as much sleep as’ they wanted. The sleep - deprived rats all died within a month.Carol Everson worked with the Chicago team as a graduate student and now has a job at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland. While repeating the Chicago experiments she was struck by the fact that, although the sleep - deprived rats showed no obvious symptoms of particular diseases--and no such signs were picked up in post - mortems--their emaciation and generally sorry state was reminiscent of that which befalls many terminal cancer patients and AIDS patients, whose immune systems have packed up. While Dr Everson does not claim to have hard and fast proof that sleep is needed for resistance to infection, her work does point that way-- as does the re search of others around the world.Another approach is to look for chemicals that cause sleep; from these, you should be able to start telling a biological story which will eventually reveal the function of sleep. Peter Shiromani of Harvard Medical School has found a protein that builds up at high levels in chronically sleep - deprived cats, but disappears within an hour if the animals are allowed 45 minutes of recovery sleep. Researchers at the University of Veron have found something similar. But no one chemical tells the whole story.So new ways of inducing sleep may soon be available; an understanding of its purpose, though, remains elusive. In this, sleep is like the other great biological commonplace that is still mysterious: consciousness, which is also easily altered chemically but not too well under stood. No one knows how Consciousness arises, or what , if anything, it is for( though there are a lot of theories). Almost the only thing that can be said about it for certain is that you lose it when you fall asleep. Solving the mystery of sleeping and waking might require new insights into the consciousness that is lost and regained in the process. Putting it this way makes the problem sound rather grander, and the lack of progress so far look a bit less dozy. The experiments led by Allan Rechtaschaffen and Bernard Bergmann at the University of Chicago （）
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