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A college student becomes so compulsive about cleaning his dorm room that his grades begin to slip. An executive living in New York has a mortal fear of snakes but lives in Manhattan and rarely goes outside the city where he might encounter one. t computer technician, deeply anxious around strangers, avoids social and company gatherings and is passed over for promotion.Are these people mentally iii(46) In a report released last week, researchers estimated that more than half of Americans would develop mental disorders in their lives, raising questions about where mental health ends and illness begins.(47) In fact, psychiatrists have no good answer, and the boundary between mental illness and normal mental struggle has become a battle line dividing the profession into two viscerally opposed camps.On one side are doctors who say that the definition of mental illness should be broad enough to include mild conditions, which can make people miserable and often lead to more severe problems later.(48) On the other are experts who say that the current definitions should be tightened to ensure that limited resources go to those who need them the most and to preserve the profession’s credibility with a public that often scoffs at claims that large numbers of Americans have mental disorders.The question is not just philosophical, where psychiatrists draw the line may determine not only the willingness of insurers to pay for services, but the future of research on moderate and mild mental disorders. (49) Directly and indirectly, it will also shape the decisions of millions of people who agonize over whether they or their loved ones are in need of help, merely eccentric or dealing with ordinary life struggles."This argument is heating up right now," said Dr. Darrel Regier, director 0f research at the American Psychiatric Association, "because we’re in the process of revising the diagnostic manual," the catalog of mental disorders on which research, treatment and the profession itself are based.The next edition of the manual is expected to appear in 2010 or 2011, "and there’s going continued debate in the scientific community about what the cut-points of clinical disease are," Dr. Regier said.Psychiatrists have been searching for more than a century for some biological marker for mental disease, to little avail. (50) Although there is promising work in genetics and brain imaging, researchers are not likely to have anything resembling a blood test for a mental illness soon, leaving them with what they have always had.- observations o{ behavior, and patients’ answers to questions about how they feel and how severe their condition is. Although there is promising work in genetics and brain imaging, researchers are not likely to have anything resembling a blood test for a mental illness soon, leaving them with what they have always had.- observations o{ behavior, and patients’ answers to questions about how they feel and how severe their condition is.
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麦格雷戈指出应该把领导看成是组织的带头人和______之间的关系。
35（）
Questions 11 to 18 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
A. Do the children’s verses of Edward Lear, Hilaire Belloe or the Ahlbergs count as nursery rhymes, or are those something different altogether What about playground rhymes, clapping or skipping games, football chants, pop songs or old music-hall songs What about the work of Robert Graves, W. H Auden, Louis MacNeiee, even Wordsworth and Byron that uses the form and metre of nursery rhymes, often to hauntingly complex emotional effect. See, it’s not as simple as it appears.B. If this analysis of the strange phenomenon that is nursery rhymes resembles one of those maddeningly opaque riddles with which our rude forefathers used to amuse themselves around the fireside of a dark winter’s evening, it is probably because the lineage of nursery rhymes occupies two quite separate and contradictory traditions—he oral and the written.C. From this diminutive beginning (the book measured just 3in by 1in), and from A Little Pretty Pocket-Book, published in the same year by John Newbery, the first specialist children’s publisher, an entire literature sprang. Suddenly, the random cacophony of the oral tradition—the lullabies, counting games, fragments of folk songs, mummer’s plays, political squibs, doggerel, scurrilous adult ballads, riddles and whathaveyou began to be collected and codified into a formal canon, to which the name of "nursery rhymes’ became attached in the early 19th century.D. The satellite children’s channel Nick Jr. is running a competition called Time for a New Rhyme. The channel is looking for a "modern nursery rhyme for the new millennium", which could be "about anything and everything from political and current events to family life". So, off you go. Except, what is a nursery rhyme, exactly And how does it differ— if, indeed it differs at all—from any other sort of children’s poetryE. Collectors of anything tend to have obsessive, eccentric and proprietorial tendencies, and from the realm of nursery rhyme there emerged some magnificent specimens. Strangest of all was John Bellenden Ker, who developed a laborious theory designed to prove that English nursery rhymes had emerged from a kind of political protest literature composed in a form of early Dutch (which was in fact his own invention).F. It is certain that the history of nursery rhymes is as old as the history of language. Rhythm and rhyme are not merely the foundations of language learning, hut—together with their natural partners, the physical activities of skipping, clapping, jumping, dancing—they are the great, free, unbreakable, ever-ready playthings of childhood. Iona Opie, the leading authority on children’s lore and literature, and her late husband, Peter, in their introduction to the Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes, note a fragment of a children’s song in the Bible (“We have piped unto you, and ye have not danced; we have mourned unto you, and ye have not wept.")G.. But on the whole, references to rhymes specifically intended for children are comparatively rare before the 18th century. All this changed swiftly in the mid-18th century, when the first book of nursery rhymes appeared: Tommy Thumb’s Pretty Song Book, published by a woman, Mary Cooper, and edited by "N. Lovechild", appeared in 1744 in two volumes, at 4d apiece. A single copy of volume two survives in the British Museum, containing rhymes that are as familiar to the modern as the Georgian nursery: "Bah, bah, a black sheep", "Who did kill Cock Robbin’ and "There was a little Man/And he had a little Gun."H. The ambiguity of what is and isn’t a nursery rhyme is compounded by the fact that every expert you consult seems to have a different theory. Nick Tucker, a former senior lecturer at the University of Sussex, comes up with the most enigmatic definition. "It’s completely self- defining," he says. "A nursery rhyme is something in a nursery rhyme book. Most anthologies are not interested in expanding the canon, because when people buy an anthology, they don’t want a lot of change. At home, they are singing bits of Beatles songs or football chants to their children, which would once have got into the nursery rhyme canon, if a folklorist had come and collected them—but we have got past that stage now." 43
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