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Once you decide to choose a topic to write an effective paragraph, the first key to write a good topic sentence. The topic sentence does two things: it tells the reader what the topic of the paragraph is, and it says something about that topic. What the topic sentence says about the topic is called the controlling idea; it is the point of the paragraph, and every other sentence in the paragraph must be related to this point.The topic sentence should be the first sentence in the paragraph unless there is some special reason for placing it somewhere else. When the topic sentence is the first sentence of the paragraph, the reader immediately knows what you intend to discuss. In addition, you have the topic sentence to refer to as you make each of the other sentences in the paragraph, so that you can be sure that each of those sentences refers to your subject and to your controlling idea. Sometimes experienced writers put the topic sentence at the end of the paragraph or even in the middle to create some kind of special impression; but while you are still learning to write effective paragraphs, it is safest to put the topic sentence at the beginning unless you have a special reason for doing something else.A good topic sentence is a clear, definite statement with a limited and special topic and a limited and specific controlling idea. It is usually placed at the beginning of the paragraph. Now that you have had some practice in identifying and constructing good topic sentences, we are ready to look at some of the basic principles that govern the composition of effective paragraphs. After reading it, we can reasonably believe that the passage（）
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Most paragraphs have a "topic sentence" which expresses the central idea. The remaining sentences in the same paragraph expand or support that idea. It has been estimated that between 60-90% of all expository(阐述，说明) paragraphs in English have the topic sentences placed at the beginning of the paragraphs. Always pay special attention to the first sentence of a paragraph; it is most likely In give you the main idea.Sometimes, though, the first sentence in the paragraph does not have the feel of a main idea" sentence. It does not seem to give us enough information to justify a paragraph. The next most likely place to look for the topic sentence is the last sentence of the paragraph. Take this paragraph for example:"Some students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly What to do. Others prefer to be left to work on their own. Still others like a democratic type of class. No one teaching method can be devised to satisfy types of class at the same time."Remember that the opening and closing paragraphs of a passage or chapter are particularly important. The opening paragraph suggests the general direction and context of the piece, while the closing paragraph often summarizes the very essence of what has been said. Why do readers should pay special attention to the first sentence of a paragraph That is because a topic sentence is always placed at（）a paragraph.
The Lady with the LampBack to the middle of the 19th century, England was at war with Russia, and an English army was fighting the Russians in a place called the Crimea. Disturbing reports began coming to England, regarding the terrible conditions in the hospitals where the wounded men were being treated. At the time, Florence Nightingale was in charge of a small hospital in London. As soon as she heard of the conditions in the Crimea, she led 38 best nurses and made her way to the Crimea.When they arrived there, Miss Nightingale found conditions even worse than she had imagined. Everything was lacking. She and her nurses had to work very hard indeed. Miss Nightingale worked harder than anybody. She worked day and night to see that the wounded soldiers were well looked after and properly treated. Every night she walked around the hospital with a small lamp, visiting the patients. To the soldiers she was the "Lady with the lamp". And they worshipped her. One of them wrote, "What a comfort it was just to see her pass by. She would speak to one, smile to many more. She could not speak to all you know. We lay there by the hundreds, but we could kiss her shadow as it fell on the wall. " She even organized the cooking of the men’ s food and the washing of their clothes.Out of the hopeless confusion she brought order. The death rate fell from sixty per thousand patients to three per thousand. This was really a marvelous accomplishment she performed for her motherland. When she returned to England at the end of the war, she was warmly welcomed and honored by her people.When England was (46) Russia, an English army was fighting the RuSsians in the Crimea. Disturbing reports came to England about the terrible conditions (47) where the wounded were being treated. On hearing the conditions in the Crimea, Nightingale went there, with 38 best nurses. Everything was (48) , so they had to work very hard. Nightingale worked during the day and visited the Wounded with (49) at night. She brought comfort to the wounded, and (50) greatly dropped. When she returned home, she warmly welcomed and honored. 46（）
A—Excuse me, Miss. Can you tell me where the fresh produce section isB—Sure. Do you see the dairy products section by the far wallC—The fresh produce section is in the aisle right in front of that, Aisle K.D—You can see "fruits" and "vegetables" written on the sign above the aisle.E—I see it. Thanks very much. (He beads to Aisle K, finds what he wants, then goes to find a few more things before heading back to the check-out counter.)F—Excuse me sir. You needed to bag the grapes and cherries at the, produce section.G—Oh, I’ m sorry. I wasn’t quite sure what I was supposed to do. Should I go backH—No, that’ s OK. I’ ll bag and weigh them here. ( She does this, and then rings Up his groceries.I—That’ ll be $42.29. Do you have your Loblaw’ s Shopper CardJ—No, I don’ t have oneK—All right. Then will that be cash or charge （）好，那你要付现还是信用卡
根据下述材料，回答33～36题： 大连商品交易所的大豆期货保证金比率为5%，郭女士以3200元/吨的价格买入8张大豆期货合约，每张10吨。 买入80吨大豆期货后的第三天，大豆结算价下跌至3100元/吨。由于价格下跌，郭女士的浮动亏损为( )元。
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