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The result: The Beijing University researcher came in for stinging criticism in the same newspaper. One critic asked how someone from the university whose students launched China's historic prodemocracy movement of May 4, 1919, could argue that things such as national and economic development should take precedence over democracy. The episode illustrated both the problems and the promise of educational exchanges across the Taiwan Strait.
Gang was nevertheless just the first of what may soon be a steady trickle of students, teachers and researchers taking part in educational exchanges. Until now, these have been limited to brief conferences and getting-to-know-you tours of each side's educational centers. But now Taipei and Beijing are allowing longer stays for study and research a significant breakthrough that could help reduce the two sides' many differences.
Ironically, the exchanges are gaining momentum despite recent cross-strait tensions. In mid-January, university presidents and administrators from two dozen educational institutions in China met their Taiwanese counterpart for 10 days at National Cheng Kung University in the southern city of Tainan. They discussed how to move from perfunctory to substantive exchanges. "In the past, academics were led by politics," says Wu Jin, the university's president. "This is not right. We should deal with academics and politics separately."
The conference concluded with a politically neutral statement with the bland title: To Create the 21st Century for the Chinese People Through Academic Cooperation. In it, the presidents of leading schools in Taiwan and prestigious mainland institutions agreed to open teaching posts in each others' universities, cooperate on research projects and open doors for students to study on both sides.
Weng Shilie, an engineering professor who's president of Shanghai's Jiaotong University, said in an interview that the next time he see Chinese President Jiang Zemin, who is a Jiaotong alumnus, he will brief him on the latest developments in cross-strait exchanges in education. "Education is forever," says Weng, implying that political problems are merely temporary. Temporary or not, the obstacles to cooperation remain formidable. Neither side recognizes the other's academic credentials and both governments impose paralyzing restrictions on students. In Taiwan, screening committees at two ministries must vet applications from mainland-Chinese students. Taipei allowed an estimated 6,000 Chinese residents to visit Taiwan for education and cultural exchanges last year, an increase of 50% over 1994. Most were athletes, performing artists and scholars attending conferences.
Following Gang's three-month stay last year, Taiwan agreed to let 14 graduate researchers come from China to study; the first are expected to arrive in March. They will research Taiwan-related topics at nine universities. Each student will receive a monthly scholarship of NT ＄15,000 (＄546) for his first four months, a round-trip air ticket, accommodation and health insurance. Education officials in Taipei say they hope to increase the number of scholarships to 20 next year. "We have opened the door," says Bruce Wu, who administers the scholarships from the Chinese Development Fund of the Mainland Affairs Council, a cabinet-level agency in Taipei. "Everything now depends on China's cooperation."
Given the political stalemate between Taipei and Beijing, however, skepticism abounds. In practice, says political scientist Lu Ya-li of National Taiwan University, it is very difficult for the two sides to treat education in a politically neutral w
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"Dimpy," as her friends call her, heard about the hazards of smoking in health class. "They showed pictures of lungs of people who smoked, h was gross," says the petite 14-year-old. Yet, as she shops along the Third Street Promenade in Santa Monica, Calif., the ninth grader points out all the places where she regularly buys cigarettes without hassle. "All my friends smoke," She shrugs, explaining the habit she developed in the sixth grade. "Once they pressure you, you start. And it's kind of hard to stop."
As the cigarette industry draws increasing tire, teen smokers like Dimpy are becoming the focus of concerned policy makers around the country. Sported by a University of Michigan study showing a dramatic rise in adolescent tobacco use, the White House is considering ways to curb the surge. Among the options: eliminating cigarette vending machines, restricting tobacco advertising, increasing the federal excise tax on cigarettes and launching a national media campaign directed at adolescents. A grand jury in New York has begun an investigation to determine whether Philip Moms Cos. concealed information linking nicotine levels and addictiveness. And the Justice Department is looking into whether tobacco company executives committed perjury in their April 1994 congressional testimony on how smoking affects health.
Lack of credibility. But it's tough to get an antismoking message through to teens. The California Department of Health Services spends ＄12 million a year placing antismoking commercials on television, including popular MTV programs, but many teenagers aren't buying the message. Says Erica Leona, who will enter eighth grade in the fall, "I don't think those ads work, became it's like a cartoon. It's too exaggerated."
In fact, teens seem skeptical about the potential effectiveness of any organized efforts to reduce smoking, like increasing taxes. While research shows that every time rexes go up, sales go down, including among teens, young people say the cost is relatively low in comparison with other vices. "You want weed, it'll cost you," says Robert Caldwell, 14. "For cigarettes, you just go anywhere, put 12 quarters into one of those machines, take it and go." Other teens maintain that eliminating vending machines won't make cigarettes any harder to buy. "You give a guy enough to buy you a pack and a beer, and he'll buy the pack," says Cameron Davis, 13. And advertising isn't really what entices adolescents to smoke. For the most part, they say, teens smoke because of peer pressure. "It's like sex." says 13year-old Frances, who started smoking at age 9. "You feel like, if you don't do it with your boyfriend, he won't like you."
In addition, messages that relate to health don't compute with adolescents, who often feel invincible. It doesn't help, says Roxanne Cannon, editorial director of Teen and Sassy magazines, that so many teen idols such as Ethan Hawke, Jason Priestley and Luke Perry are seen smoking.
Teens say any message is more effective if it's communicated by other kids. But even a White House appeal made by Chelsea Clinton might not get through to adolescents eager to smoke. "I don't listen to my mom when she tells me to stop," says Dimpy. "Why would I listen to anyone else".
Dimpy, the girl named in this passage ______.
For someone whose life has been shattered, Hiroshi Shimizu is remarkably calm. In a cramped Tokyo law office, the subdued, bitter man in his 30s——using an assumed name for the interview relates how he became infected with the HIV virus from tainted blood products sold by Japanese hospitals to hemophiliacs during the mid-1980s. "I was raped,"says Shimizu. "I never thought doctors would give me bad medicine."
Last year, Shimizu was shocked when a doctor newly transferred to his hospital broke the news. Four years earlier, he had asked his previous doctor if he could safely marry. "He told me: 'There's absolutely no problem,' even though he knew [I was infected] ," Shimizu says. "I could have passed it to my wife." Luckily, he hasn't.
Shimizu is one of more than 2,000 hemophiliacs and their loved ones infected with the deadly virus before heat-treated blood products became available in Japan. It's a tragedy——and now it's a national scandal. In recent weeks, the country has been rocked by charges that Japanese drug and hospital companies kept selling tainted blood even after the AIDS threat was proved beyond a shadow of a doubt. Even worse is the charge that the Japanese government knowingly allowed this dangerous practice as part of a policy to protect domestic companies from foreign competition. Japan's bureaucrats are already under attack for their role in the banking fiasco. As the AIDS scandal unfolds, Japanese confidence in government could erode even further. Big settlements in a related lawsuit may also set a precedent in other AIDS liability cases around the world.
The origins of the tragedy go back to 1983. By then, scientists were closing in on the virus that causes AIDS, and U.S. health authorities mandated that all blood products be heat-treated to protect hemophiliacs and patients from infection. Japanese authorities were concerned as well: the Health & Welfare Ministry formed an AIDS study group headed by the country's foremost hemophilia expert, Dr. Takeshi Abe.
RAIN AND SLEET. What happened next has only just been revealed, thanks to an investigation by new Health Minister Naoto Kan. According to investigators, the ministry group on July 4, 1983, recommended banning untreated blood imports. Since no heat-treated products were then available from Japanese companies, the group also advised allowing emergency imports of beat-treated blood from companies such as U.S. drag giant Baxter International Inc.
But a week later, the recommendation was reversed. According to memos recovered from the records of Atsuaki Gunji, then head of the ministry's Biological & antibiotics Div., the recommendation was overturned because it would "deal a blow" to domestic companies. Japan's marketers of blood products bought imports of untreated blood——and they did not have their heat-treatment processes yet. The ministry insisted that Baxter conduct two years of clinical testing in Japan before it used its new heat treatment there. Domestic drug companies, led by Osaka-based Green Cross Ltd. rushed to develop their own treatment processes. Meanwhile, Baxter and other foreign companies that already sold untreated blood products in Japan had to continue the practice if they wanted to stay in the market.
The recent revelations have sparked some startling events in a country where discussion of AIDS is still largely taboo. In February, health Minister Kan made front-page news when he officially apologized to HIV-infected hemophiliacs and families who had staged a 72-house vigil in rain and sleet outside the ministry.
One of the interviewees mentioned in the passage ______.
It is suggested that automobiles will not be as popular as before owing to the possibility
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