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阅读下面短文，回答下面问题。 诸葛亮不是好领导这听起来很奇怪吗一点都不奇怪。 无论是在现代，还是古代，无论是领导一个国家，还是指挥一个企业，正确选拔人才、合理使用人才都是最重要的。“事谋于精，人用其当”，这样才能成功，可诸葛先生恰恰就在“人才”二字上栽了跟头。 按照现代企业管理理论，在员工心目中，一个好领导，不需要整天跟他们吃喝玩乐，也不需要什么事都包办代替，他只需要做好三件事情：选拔并奖励优秀的员工；使员工发挥他们的才干，并且在工作中能力有所提升；及时辞退不称职的员工。我们来看看，诸葛亮做到这三点了吗 “诸葛一生唯谨慎”，用兵谨慎，这是诸葛亮的优点，也是他的缺点。出于这种小心谨慎的个性，诸葛亮在选拔人才方面，总是喜欢找理论高手，比如蒋琬、费讳、姜维、马谩等人。当然，这些人的确都是英才，但却缺乏大胆创新的精神和丰富的实战经验。以至于唯唯诺诺、赞美声一片。 最冤的要属“魏延谋反”一事。不管论武功还是比谋略，魏延都是不亚于“五虎上将”的人选，但却始终得不到重视。当时，魏延曾提出率领万人，偷袭潼关，然而诸葛亮却认为此举草率，没有同意。 诸葛亮死前还做出了“魏延必反”的预测，后来魏延真的反了，这是诸葛亮钓“神机妙算”吗恰恰相反，正是由于诸葛亮长期的压制和猜忌，才造成了魏延的心理失衡，最终走上了毁灭之路。 高明领导不仅能使差的变为好的，更重要的是使好的变为更好的。诸葛亮却使好的变成了差的，教训不可谓不深刻。 对领导者最大的考验不在于你自己的工作成效如何，而在于你不在时属下的工作成效怎样。 诸葛亮辅政后，事无巨细，都要亲自过问，从任免一个县官，到军中打二十板子以上的惩罚要亲自决断，还真是“鞠躬尽瘁、死而后已”啊。 这看上去很令人钦佩，但无意中却限制了人才的发展。结果诸葛亮死后，蜀国人才青黄不接，造成“蜀中无大将，廖化当先锋”的局面。 领导再厉害，也没有三头六臂，因此，大胆使用人才，让他们充分发挥能力，才是实施战略的关键性问题。用什么样的机构去实施、配备哪些人员去完成、实施中出现的问题应该如何解决、确保战略可持续进行的措施有哪些一个成功的领导应该考虑这些，而不是忙着跟下属竞争。有能力的人并不一定适合所有的职位，因此，在择优的时候，要懂得去掉不适合的人选，诸葛亮在这方面也是失误连连。 比较明显的一次，是马谡“失街亭”。马谡自幼熟读兵法，甚为诸葛亮所器重。但刘备觉得马谡言过其实，临终时曾对诸葛亮说：“马谡言过其实，不可大用，君其察之”诸葛亮却不以为然。 马谡的确是一位很出色的参谋人才，为诸葛亮献了不少成功的计谋，但是，他却完全没有实际作战指挥经验，是典型的“纸上谈兵”。失街亭，败在马谡，过在排挤了魏延等宿将的诸葛亮。 人员素质与战略是否相适应、与运营实际是否相适应倘若不适应该怎么办这就是领导必须研究的，如果诸葛亮能提前换下不适合的人选，就不会有“挥泪斩马谡”的悲剧。 看来，诸葛亮在这三个方面的确存在严重问题。尽管他仍然是一位伟大的政治家、军事家甚至发明家，但是，他真的不是好领导。 (一鸣《诸葛亮不是好领导》) 诸葛亮“压制优秀员工”的主要事例是：
Life really should be one long journey of joy for children born with a world of wealth at their feet.Internationally famous child doctor Robert Coles is the world’s top expert on the influence of money on children. He has written a well-known book on the subject, The Privileged Ones, and his research shows that too much money in the family can cause as many problems as too little. "Obviously there are certain advantages to being rich," says the 53-year-old doctor, "such as better health, education and future work prospects. But most important is the quality of family life. Money can’ t buy love. "It can buy a lot of other things, however, and that’s where the trouble starts. Rich kids have so much to choose from that they often become confused. Over-indulgence (娇惯) by their parents can make them spoilt. They tend to travel more than other children, from home to home and country to country, which causes feelings of restlessness."But privileged children do have a better sense of their positions in the world," adds Mr. Coles, "and they are more self-assured. The rich children inherit the property from their parents and enjoy a high income. So money will never be one of their problems. However, they will have a sense of isolation," warns Dr Coles, " and they could suffer from the hardship of not being able to deal with the everyday world because they will never really be given the chance. Everything they have achieved is because of an accident of birth. There can be no tremendous inner satisfaction about that. "Today’s wealthy parents perhaps realize their riches can be more of a heavy load than a happiness to their children. So the first thing for them to consider is to ensure that their families are as rich in love as they are in money. It seems that the author of the passage () what Dr. Coles says in the book The Privileged Ones.
Why don’t birds get lost on their long flights from one place to another Scientists have puzzled over this question for many years. Now they’re beginning to fill in the blanks.Not long ago, experiments showed that birds rely on the sun to guide them during daylight hours. But what about birds that fly by night Tests with artificial stars have proved that certain night - flying birds are able to follow the stars in their long- distance flights.A dove (鸽子)had spent its lifetime in a cage and had never flown under a natural sky. Yet it showed an inborn ability to use the stars for guidance. The bird’s cage was placed under an artificial star-filled sky. The bird tried to fly in the same direction as that taken by his outdoor cousins. Any change in the position of the artificial stars caused a change in the direction of his flight. But the stars are apparently their principal means of navigation(航行)only. When the stars are hidden by clouds, they seemingly find their way by such landmarks as mountain ranges, coast lines, and river courses. But when it’s too dark to see these, the doves circle helplessly, unable to find their way. In the paragraph 3, "his outdoor cousins" means ().
简而言之，每个人都应该为自己的行为负责。
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