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Don’t Count on Dung "Conservationists(自然保护主义者)may be miscalculating the numbers of the threatened animals such as elephants, " say African and American researchers. The error occurs because of a flaw in the way they estimate animal numbers from the piles of dung(粪)the creatures leave behind. The mistake could lead researchers to think that there are twice as many elephants as there really are in some regions according to Andrew Plumptre of the Wildlife Conservation Society(WCS) in New York. Biologist Katy Payne of Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, agrees. "We really need to know elephant numbers and the evidence that we have is quite indirect, "says Payne, who electronically tracks elephants Counting elephants from planes is impossible in the vast rainforests of Central Africa. So researchers often estimate elephant numbers by counting dung piles in a given area. They also need to know the rate at which dung decays because it’s extremely difficult to determine these rates. However, researchers counting elephants in one region tend to rely on standard decay rates established elsewhere. "But researchers at the WCS have found that this decay rate varies from region to region depending on the climate and environment. Using the wrong values can lead the census astray(离开正道)," says Plumptre. He and his colleague Anthony Chifu Nchanji studied decaying elephant dung in the forests of Cameroon. They found that the dung decayed between 55 and 65 per cent more slowly than the dung in the rainforests of neighbouring Gabon. If researchers use decay rates from Gabon to count elephants in Cameroon, they would probably find more elephants than are actually around. "This could mean estimates in Cameroon are at least twice as high as those derived from decay rates calculated locally," says Plumptre "However accurate your dung density estimate might be the decay rate can severely affect the result." Plumptre also says that the dung-pile census should be carried out over a region similar in size to an elephant’s natural range. The usual technique of monitoring only small, protected areas distorts numbers because elephants move in and out of these regions, he says" If the elephant population increases within the protected area, you can not determine whether it is a real increase or whether it is due to elephants moving in because they are being poached(入侵偷猎)outside. " Plumptre says that similar problems may also affect other animal census studies that rely on indirect evidence such as nests, tracks or burrows(地洞). The word "threatened" in the first sentence of the first paragraph could be best replaced by
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Don’t Count on Dung "Conservationists(自然保护主义者)may be miscalculating the numbers of the threatened animals such as elephants, " say African and American researchers. The error occurs because of a flaw in the way they estimate animal numbers from the piles of dung(粪)the creatures leave behind. The mistake could lead researchers to think that there are twice as many elephants as there really are in some regions according to Andrew Plumptre of the Wildlife Conservation Society(WCS) in New York. Biologist Katy Payne of Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, agrees. "We really need to know elephant numbers and the evidence that we have is quite indirect, "says Payne, who electronically tracks elephants Counting elephants from planes is impossible in the vast rainforests of Central Africa. So researchers often estimate elephant numbers by counting dung piles in a given area. They also need to know the rate at which dung decays because it’s extremely difficult to determine these rates. However, researchers counting elephants in one region tend to rely on standard decay rates established elsewhere. "But researchers at the WCS have found that this decay rate varies from region to region depending on the climate and environment. Using the wrong values can lead the census astray(离开正道)," says Plumptre. He and his colleague Anthony Chifu Nchanji studied decaying elephant dung in the forests of Cameroon. They found that the dung decayed between 55 and 65 per cent more slowly than the dung in the rainforests of neighbouring Gabon. If researchers use decay rates from Gabon to count elephants in Cameroon, they would probably find more elephants than are actually around. "This could mean estimates in Cameroon are at least twice as high as those derived from decay rates calculated locally," says Plumptre "However accurate your dung density estimate might be the decay rate can severely affect the result." Plumptre also says that the dung-pile census should be carried out over a region similar in size to an elephant’s natural range. The usual technique of monitoring only small, protected areas distorts numbers because elephants move in and out of these regions, he says" If the elephant population increases within the protected area, you can not determine whether it is a real increase or whether it is due to elephants moving in because they are being poached(入侵偷猎)outside. " Plumptre says that similar problems may also affect other animal census studies that rely on indirect evidence such as nests, tracks or burrows(地洞). Why do researchers estimate elephant numbers in an area by counting dung piles
M公司生产制造A产品，本期共生产A产品400件。有关资料如下：(1)需用甲、乙两种直接材料，标准价格分别为5元/千克、10元/千克，单位产品的标准用量分别为30千克/件、20千克/件；实际耗用甲材料11 000千克、乙材料9 000千克，甲、乙两种材料的实际价格分别为4.5元/千克、11元/千克。(2)假设加工生产A产品，只需一个工种加工，实际耗用5 000工时，实际工资总额9 000元；标准工资率为2元/工时，单位产品的工时耗用标准为12工时。(3)实际耗用人工工时5000工时，实际发生了变动制造费用20 000元，单位产品的工时耗用标准为12工时，变动制造费用标准分配率为4.2元/工时。(4)本期固定制造费用预算数为42 000元，预算最大生产能量为5 600工时，实际固定制造费用45 000元。(5)假设“在产品”和“产成品”账户均无期初余额，本期投产的400件A产品均已全部完工，并已全部出售，每件售价为800元。(6)该公司成本差异的处理采用结转本期损益法。要求：(1)计算各项成本差异。(2)编制领用材料、将直接人工工资、变动制造费用、固定制造费用计入产品成本的会计分录(购入材料以及实际支付以上各该项费用时的会计分录从略)。(3)编制结转完工入库产品标准成本的会计分录。(4)编制结转本期各项成本差异的会计分录。
Why do people become too fatIt is indeed unfortunate that in our modern era of technologic and scientific achievement, there is no adequate explanation for a seemingly simple question: "why do people become too fat and what can be done to prevent it" about 50 million men and 60 million women between the ages of 18 and 79 are "too fat" and need to reduce excess weight. This amount to about 377 million kg of excess fat for men and 667 million kg for women, or a total of t044 million kg (2297 million 1b) for the United States adult population! If the overfat men and women dieted by consuming 600 fewer calories each day to reduce to a "normal" value of body fat (achievable in 68 days for men and 101 days for women), the reduced caloric intake would equal 5.7 trilling calories. Translating this into fossil fuel energy and considering such factors as the energy required to plant, cultivate, harvest, feed, process, transport, wholesale, retail, acquire, store and cook the food, the annual energy savings would be equal to that required to supply the residential electric demands of Boston, Chicago, san Francisco and Washington DC, or 13 billion gallons of gasoline to fuel 900,000 autos per year. Until recently, the major cause of obesity was believed to be overeating. However, if gluttony (贪食) and overindulgence were the only factors associated with an increase in body fat, the easiest way to permanently reduce would surely to be cut back on food. Of course, if it were that simple, obesity would soon be eliminated as a major health problem. There are obviously other factors operative such as genetic, environmental, and social influences. However, these causes probably overlap. It seems fairly certain that the treatment procedures devised so far, whether they be diets, surgery, drugs, psychologic methods, or exercise, either alone or in combination, have not been particularly successful in solving the problem on a long-term basis. There is nonetheless, optimism that as researchers continue to investigate the many facets of. obesity, as well as to test and quantify various treatment modes, significant progress can be made to conquer this major health problem. Indulgence in drinking, the genetic, environmental, social factors and overeating should be considered in evaluating the cause of an overfat person.()
W公司决定添置设备一台，其价值为100万元。该设备预计可使用5年，5年后预计残值为零，采用直线法计提折旧。为购置设备而举债的债务年利率为10%，每年末等额支付本息。 W公司除了借债购买设备外，也可以向有关租赁公司租用该设备。租赁合同规定：租期5年，每年年初支付租金30万元，租赁期满后设备无偿交归该公司所有。该设备的每年日常维修保养费用为6万元，添置该设备后预计每年可以为公司节约营运成本8万元。该公司适用的所得税税率为40%。 要求：通过计算为该公司作出选择举债购买设备还是租赁取得。
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