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21. Which of the followings belong to the six excesses?
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Passage 1The medicine of the Tang Dynasty left its European counterpart in the shade. It boasted its own “national health service”, and left behind the teachings of the incomparable Sun Simiao. If no further evidence was available of the sophistication of China in the Tang era, then a look at Chinese medicine would be sufficient. At the western end of Eurasian continent the Roman Empire had vanished, and there was nowhere new to claim the status of the cultural and political center of the world. In fact, for a few centuries, this center happened to be the capital of the Tang Empire, and Chinese medicine under the Tang Empire was far ahead of its European counterpart. An Imperial Medical Office had been inherited from previous dynasties: it was immediately restructured and staffed with directors and deputy directors, chief and assistant medical directors, pharmacists and curators of medicinal herb gardens and further personnel. Within the first two decades after consolidating its rule, the Tang administration set up one central and several provincial medical colleges with professors, lecturer, clinical practitioners and pharmacists to train students in one or all of the four departments of medicine, acupuncture, physical therapy and exorcism. Physicians were given positions in governmental medical service only after passing qualifying exams. They were remunerated in accordance with the number of cures they had affected during the past year. In 723 Emperor Xuanzong personally composed a general formulary of prescriptions recommended to him by one of his imperial pharmacists and sent it to all the provincial medical schools. An Arabic traveler, who visited China in 851,noted with surprise that prescriptions from the emperor’s formulary were publicized on notice boards at crossroads to enhance the welfare of the population. The government took care to protect the general populace from potentially harmful medical practice. The Tang legal code was the first in China to include laws concerned with harmful and heterodox medical practices. For example, to treat patients for money without adhering to standard procedures was defined as fraud combined with theft and had to be tried in accordance with the legal statutes on theft. If such therapies resulted in the death of a patient, the healer was to be banished for two and a half years. In fact, physicians practicing during the Tang era had access to a wealth of pharmaceutical and medical texts, their contents ranging from purely pragmatic advice to highly sophisticated theoretical considerations. Concise descriptions of the position, morphology, and functions of the organs of the human body stood side by side in libraries with books enabling readers to calculate the daily, seasonal and annual climate conditions of cycles of sixty years and to understand and predict their effects on health. Several Tang authors wrote large collections of prescriptions, continuing a literary tradition documented since the 2nd century B.C. The two most outstanding works to be named here were those by Sun Simiao and Wang Tao. The latter was a librarian who copied more than six thousand formulas, categorized in 1104 sections, from sixty-five older works and published them under the title Waitai Yimiao. Twenty-four sections, for example, were devoted to ophthalmology. They reflect the Indian origin of much Chinese knowledge on ailments of the eye and, in particular, of cataract surgery. Despite or because of its long lasting affluence and political stability, the Tang Dynasty did not add any significantly new ideas to the interpretation of illness, health and healing. Medical thought reflects human anxieties; changes in medical thought always occur in the context of new existential fears or of fundamentally changed social circumstances. Nevertheless, medicine was a most fascinating ingredient of Tang civilization and it left a rich legacy to subsequent centuries.41. In the first paragraph, the writer draws particular attention to____________.
Passage 1The medicine of the Tang Dynasty left its European counterpart in the shade. It boasted its own “national health service”, and left behind the teachings of the incomparable Sun Simiao. If no further evidence was available of the sophistication of China in the Tang era, then a look at Chinese medicine would be sufficient. At the western end of Eurasian continent the Roman Empire had vanished, and there was nowhere new to claim the status of the cultural and political center of the world. In fact, for a few centuries, this center happened to be the capital of the Tang Empire, and Chinese medicine under the Tang Empire was far ahead of its European counterpart. An Imperial Medical Office had been inherited from previous dynasties: it was immediately restructured and staffed with directors and deputy directors, chief and assistant medical directors, pharmacists and curators of medicinal herb gardens and further personnel. Within the first two decades after consolidating its rule, the Tang administration set up one central and several provincial medical colleges with professors, lecturer, clinical practitioners and pharmacists to train students in one or all of the four departments of medicine, acupuncture, physical therapy and exorcism. Physicians were given positions in governmental medical service only after passing qualifying exams. They were remunerated in accordance with the number of cures they had affected during the past year. In 723 Emperor Xuanzong personally composed a general formulary of prescriptions recommended to him by one of his imperial pharmacists and sent it to all the provincial medical schools. An Arabic traveler, who visited China in 851,noted with surprise that prescriptions from the emperor’s formulary were publicized on notice boards at crossroads to enhance the welfare of the population. The government took care to protect the general populace from potentially harmful medical practice. The Tang legal code was the first in China to include laws concerned with harmful and heterodox medical practices. For example, to treat patients for money without adhering to standard procedures was defined as fraud combined with theft and had to be tried in accordance with the legal statutes on theft. If such therapies resulted in the death of a patient, the healer was to be banished for two and a half years. In fact, physicians practicing during the Tang era had access to a wealth of pharmaceutical and medical texts, their contents ranging from purely pragmatic advice to highly sophisticated theoretical considerations. Concise descriptions of the position, morphology, and functions of the organs of the human body stood side by side in libraries with books enabling readers to calculate the daily, seasonal and annual climate conditions of cycles of sixty years and to understand and predict their effects on health. Several Tang authors wrote large collections of prescriptions, continuing a literary tradition documented since the 2nd century B.C. The two most outstanding works to be named here were those by Sun Simiao and Wang Tao. The latter was a librarian who copied more than six thousand formulas, categorized in 1104 sections, from sixty-five older works and published them under the title Waitai Yimiao. Twenty-four sections, for example, were devoted to ophthalmology. They reflect the Indian origin of much Chinese knowledge on ailments of the eye and, in particular, of cataract surgery. Despite or because of its long lasting affluence and political stability, the Tang Dynasty did not add any significantly new ideas to the interpretation of illness, health and healing. Medical thought reflects human anxieties; changes in medical thought always occur in the context of new existential fears or of fundamentally changed social circumstances. Nevertheless, medicine was a most fascinating ingredient of Tang civilization and it left a rich legacy to subsequent centuries.42. During the Tang era, a government doctor’s annual salary depended upon __________.
Passage 1The medicine of the Tang Dynasty left its European counterpart in the shade. It boasted its own “national health service”, and left behind the teachings of the incomparable Sun Simiao. If no further evidence was available of the sophistication of China in the Tang era, then a look at Chinese medicine would be sufficient. At the western end of Eurasian continent the Roman Empire had vanished, and there was nowhere new to claim the status of the cultural and political center of the world. In fact, for a few centuries, this center happened to be the capital of the Tang Empire, and Chinese medicine under the Tang Empire was far ahead of its European counterpart. An Imperial Medical Office had been inherited from previous dynasties: it was immediately restructured and staffed with directors and deputy directors, chief and assistant medical directors, pharmacists and curators of medicinal herb gardens and further personnel. Within the first two decades after consolidating its rule, the Tang administration set up one central and several provincial medical colleges with professors, lecturer, clinical practitioners and pharmacists to train students in one or all of the four departments of medicine, acupuncture, physical therapy and exorcism. Physicians were given positions in governmental medical service only after passing qualifying exams. They were remunerated in accordance with the number of cures they had affected during the past year. In 723 Emperor Xuanzong personally composed a general formulary of prescriptions recommended to him by one of his imperial pharmacists and sent it to all the provincial medical schools. An Arabic traveler, who visited China in 851,noted with surprise that prescriptions from the emperor’s formulary were publicized on notice boards at crossroads to enhance the welfare of the population. The government took care to protect the general populace from potentially harmful medical practice. The Tang legal code was the first in China to include laws concerned with harmful and heterodox medical practices. For example, to treat patients for money without adhering to standard procedures was defined as fraud combined with theft and had to be tried in accordance with the legal statutes on theft. If such therapies resulted in the death of a patient, the healer was to be banished for two and a half years. In fact, physicians practicing during the Tang era had access to a wealth of pharmaceutical and medical texts, their contents ranging from purely pragmatic advice to highly sophisticated theoretical considerations. Concise descriptions of the position, morphology, and functions of the organs of the human body stood side by side in libraries with books enabling readers to calculate the daily, seasonal and annual climate conditions of cycles of sixty years and to understand and predict their effects on health. Several Tang authors wrote large collections of prescriptions, continuing a literary tradition documented since the 2nd century B.C. The two most outstanding works to be named here were those by Sun Simiao and Wang Tao. The latter was a librarian who copied more than six thousand formulas, categorized in 1104 sections, from sixty-five older works and published them under the title Waitai Yimiao. Twenty-four sections, for example, were devoted to ophthalmology. They reflect the Indian origin of much Chinese knowledge on ailments of the eye and, in particular, of cataract surgery. Despite or because of its long lasting affluence and political stability, the Tang Dynasty did not add any significantly new ideas to the interpretation of illness, health and healing. Medical thought reflects human anxieties; changes in medical thought always occur in the context of new existential fears or of fundamentally changed social circumstances. Nevertheless, medicine was a most fascinating ingredient of Tang civilization and it left a rich legacy to subsequent centuries.43. Which of the following broke the law during the Tang era?
Passage 1The medicine of the Tang Dynasty left its European counterpart in the shade. It boasted its own “national health service”, and left behind the teachings of the incomparable Sun Simiao. If no further evidence was available of the sophistication of China in the Tang era, then a look at Chinese medicine would be sufficient. At the western end of Eurasian continent the Roman Empire had vanished, and there was nowhere new to claim the status of the cultural and political center of the world. In fact, for a few centuries, this center happened to be the capital of the Tang Empire, and Chinese medicine under the Tang Empire was far ahead of its European counterpart. An Imperial Medical Office had been inherited from previous dynasties: it was immediately restructured and staffed with directors and deputy directors, chief and assistant medical directors, pharmacists and curators of medicinal herb gardens and further personnel. Within the first two decades after consolidating its rule, the Tang administration set up one central and several provincial medical colleges with professors, lecturer, clinical practitioners and pharmacists to train students in one or all of the four departments of medicine, acupuncture, physical therapy and exorcism. Physicians were given positions in governmental medical service only after passing qualifying exams. They were remunerated in accordance with the number of cures they had affected during the past year. In 723 Emperor Xuanzong personally composed a general formulary of prescriptions recommended to him by one of his imperial pharmacists and sent it to all the provincial medical schools. An Arabic traveler, who visited China in 851,noted with surprise that prescriptions from the emperor’s formulary were publicized on notice boards at crossroads to enhance the welfare of the population. The government took care to protect the general populace from potentially harmful medical practice. The Tang legal code was the first in China to include laws concerned with harmful and heterodox medical practices. For example, to treat patients for money without adhering to standard procedures was defined as fraud combined with theft and had to be tried in accordance with the legal statutes on theft. If such therapies resulted in the death of a patient, the healer was to be banished for two and a half years. In fact, physicians practicing during the Tang era had access to a wealth of pharmaceutical and medical texts, their contents ranging from purely pragmatic advice to highly sophisticated theoretical considerations. Concise descriptions of the position, morphology, and functions of the organs of the human body stood side by side in libraries with books enabling readers to calculate the daily, seasonal and annual climate conditions of cycles of sixty years and to understand and predict their effects on health. Several Tang authors wrote large collections of prescriptions, continuing a literary tradition documented since the 2nd century B.C. The two most outstanding works to be named here were those by Sun Simiao and Wang Tao. The latter was a librarian who copied more than six thousand formulas, categorized in 1104 sections, from sixty-five older works and published them under the title Waitai Yimiao. Twenty-four sections, for example, were devoted to ophthalmology. They reflect the Indian origin of much Chinese knowledge on ailments of the eye and, in particular, of cataract surgery. Despite or because of its long lasting affluence and political stability, the Tang Dynasty did not add any significantly new ideas to the interpretation of illness, health and healing. Medical thought reflects human anxieties; changes in medical thought always occur in the context of new existential fears or of fundamentally changed social circumstances. Nevertheless, medicine was a most fascinating ingredient of Tang civilization and it left a rich legacy to subsequent centuries.44. According to the passage, which of the following statements is true?
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