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已知列表 x = [1, 2],那么连续执行命令 y = x和 y.append______ 之后,x的值为[1, 2, 3]。

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表达式 [x for x in [1,2,3,4,5] if x<3]>______ 。

表达式 abc(-3)的值为______

阅读理解The financial climate for charities is worsening, with more than half hit by the economic downturn, a survey reveals today. Over half of those affected report a decline in income triggered by the recession at a time when one fifth of charities are seeing an increase in demand for their services. Despite the success of Comic Relief, which raised £60m for anti-poverty charity projects last weekend, the overall financial picture for the voluntary sector is gloomier than it was six months ago, says the Charity Commission report.Dame Suzi Leather, the Chairwoman of the Charity Commission, said, “Clearly the impact of the financial downturn on charities is widening and deepening. Some charities still face that double chances of a drop in income as well as an increased demand for services. The research tells us that the number of charities taking steps to reduce the risks that the financial downturn brings has risen since we conducted our first research. However, not all charities are putting measures in place to protect their work and their funds. It is very surprising that more charities are not considering collaboration with others, as this can help them share expertise and costs.”In September the commission found that 38% of charities had been affected by the downturn, with 16% describing the impact had been “very significant or significant.” The latest report shows those proportions have increased, to 58% and 25% respectively. Bigger charities — those with an annual income of more than £ 1 million — were less likely to have been hit by income reductions. But almost two-thirds of that group were concerned that the downturn would affect their work in future.The commission surveyed a random sample of 1,000 charities of varying sizes in England and Wales during January and February. It found the collapse in the value of stocks and shares — for many charities the single most important source of income — has impacted hard on the sector, which is also hurting from a falloff in corporate donations and private legacies.Charities that delivered services overseas reported they had been badly affected by the fall in the value of sterling. The survey suggests there is little sign that charities overall are preparing to make big cutbacks in jobs or capital investments. Only a tiny proportion of those surveyed said they were facing problems meeting pension commitments. (1) According to the passage, the proportion of charities suffered from income reduction is ___. A. more than half of all the charities B. one fifth of all the charities C. over half of charities affected by the recession D. one fifth of charities affected by the recession (2) It can be inferred from the passage that the best solution to fighting financial downturn for charities is _. A. to raise money from corporations B. to cooperate with other charities C. to reduce the number of employees D. to increase their demand for service (3) Which of the following statements about bigger charities is TRUE? A. They are those with an annual income of more than $ 1 million.B. They are more likely to be affected by income reductions.C. Most of them are concerned about their work in future.D. Many of them are likely to have their employees’ income increased. (4) The most important source of income for many charities is from _. A. stocks and shares B. corporate donations C. private legacies D. overseas service (5) It can be concluded from the passage that _.____ A. charities are preparing to reduce their jobs and capital investmentsB. it is less likely for charities to reduce their jobs and capital investmentsC. many charities are facing problems such as paying pensionsD. charities are preparing to expand their demand for service overseas

阅读理解Over the past decade, American companies have tried hard to find ways to discourage senior managers from feathering their own nests at the expense of their shareholders. The three most popular reforms have been recruiting more outside directors in order to make boards more independent, linking bosses pay to various performance measure, and giving bosses share options so that they have the same long-term interests as their shareholders.These reforms have been widely adopted by America’s larger companies, and surveys suggest that many more companies are thinking of following their lead. But have they done any good? Three papers presented at the annual meeting of the Academy of Management in Boston this week suggest not. As is usually the case with boardroom tinkering, the consequences have differed from those intended.Start with those independent boards. On the face of it, dismissing the boss’s friends from the board and replacing them with outsiders looks a perfect way to make senior managers more accountable. But that is not the conclusion of a study by Professor James Westphal. Instead, he found that bosses with a boardroom full of outsiders spend much of their time building alliances, doing personal favors and generally pleasing the outsiders.All too often, these seductions succeed. Mr. Westphal found that, to a remarkable degree, “independent” boards pursue strategies that are likely to favor senior managers rather than shareholders. Such companies diversify their business, increase the pay of executives and weaken the link between pay and performance.To assess the impact of performance related pay, Mr. Westphal asked the bosses of 103 companies with sales of over $ 1 billion what measurements were used to determine their pay. The measurements varied widely, ranging from sales to earnings per share. But the researcher’s big discovery was that bosses attend to measures that affect their own incomes and ignore or play down other factors that affect a company’s overall success.In short, bosses are quick to turn every imaginable system of corporate government to their advantage which is probably why they are the people who are put in charge of things. Here is a paradox for the management theorists: any boss who cannot beat a system designed to keep him under control is probably not worth having.(1) What is the purpose of the large companies recruiting more outside directors? A. To diversify the business of the corporations. B. To increase the cooperation between the senior managers and the board directors. C. To introduce effective reforms in business management. D. To protect the benefit of the shareholders. (2) What does Professor James Westphal’s study suggest? A. Boardroom reforms have failed to achieve the desired result. B. Outside board directors tend to be more independent. C. Senior managers work more conscientiously with a boardroom full of outsiders. D. Cooperation between senior managers and board directors suffered from the reforms. (3) The word “seductions” (Para. 4) probably means _. A. efforts to conquer B. attempts to win over C. endeavors to increase profits D. exertions to understand (4) Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage? A. In general corporate executives are worth the high pay they receive.B. The income of corporate executives is proportional to the growth of corporate profits.C. Corporate executives tend to take advantage of their position to enrich themselves.D. The performance of corporate executives affects their own interests more than those of the shareholders. (5) How does the author feel about the efforts to control senior executives?__ A. Doubtful. B. Indifferent. C. Positive. D. Approving.