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Brazil has become one of the developing world’ s great successes at reducing population growth but more by accident than design. While countries such as India have made joint efforts to 61 birth rates, Brazil has had better result without really trying, says George Martine at Harvard.Brazil’ s population growth 62 has dropped from 2.99% a year between 1951 and 1960 63 1.93% a year between 1981 and 1990, and Brazilian women now have only 2.7 children on average. Martine says this 64 may have fallen still further since 1990, an achievement that makes it the envy of many other Third World countries.Martine puts it down to, among other things, soap operas (通俗电视连续剧)and installment (分期付款) plans introduced in the 1970s. Both played an important, although indirect, 65 in lowering the birth rate. Brazil is one of the world’s biggest producers of soap operas. Globo, Brazil’ s most popular television network, shows three hours of soaps six nights a week, while three others show at least one hour a night. Most soaps are based 66 wealthy characters living the high life in big cities."Although they have never really tried to work in a message towards the problems of reproduction, they describe middle and upper class values--not many children, different attitudes towards sex, women working," says Martine "They sent this image to all parts of Brazil and 67 people conscious of other patterns of behavior and other 68 , which were put into a very attractive pack- age. "Meanwhile, the installment plans tried to 69 the poor to become consumers. "This led to an enormous change in consumption patterns and 70 was incompatible’(不相容的)with un- limited reproduction," says Martine. 69（）
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Brazil has become one of the developing world’ s great successes at reducing population growth but more by accident than design. While countries such as India have made joint efforts to 61 birth rates, Brazil has had better result without really trying, says George Martine at Harvard.Brazil’ s population growth 62 has dropped from 2.99% a year between 1951 and 1960 63 1.93% a year between 1981 and 1990, and Brazilian women now have only 2.7 children on average. Martine says this 64 may have fallen still further since 1990, an achievement that makes it the envy of many other Third World countries.Martine puts it down to, among other things, soap operas (通俗电视连续剧)and installment (分期付款) plans introduced in the 1970s. Both played an important, although indirect, 65 in lowering the birth rate. Brazil is one of the world’s biggest producers of soap operas. Globo, Brazil’ s most popular television network, shows three hours of soaps six nights a week, while three others show at least one hour a night. Most soaps are based 66 wealthy characters living the high life in big cities."Although they have never really tried to work in a message towards the problems of reproduction, they describe middle and upper class values--not many children, different attitudes towards sex, women working," says Martine "They sent this image to all parts of Brazil and 67 people conscious of other patterns of behavior and other 68 , which were put into a very attractive pack- age. "Meanwhile, the installment plans tried to 69 the poor to become consumers. "This led to an enormous change in consumption patterns and 70 was incompatible’(不相容的)with un- limited reproduction," says Martine. 65（）
Brazil has become one of the developing world’ s great successes at reducing population growth but more by accident than design. While countries such as India have made joint efforts to 61 birth rates, Brazil has had better result without really trying, says George Martine at Harvard.Brazil’ s population growth 62 has dropped from 2.99% a year between 1951 and 1960 63 1.93% a year between 1981 and 1990, and Brazilian women now have only 2.7 children on average. Martine says this 64 may have fallen still further since 1990, an achievement that makes it the envy of many other Third World countries.Martine puts it down to, among other things, soap operas (通俗电视连续剧)and installment (分期付款) plans introduced in the 1970s. Both played an important, although indirect, 65 in lowering the birth rate. Brazil is one of the world’s biggest producers of soap operas. Globo, Brazil’ s most popular television network, shows three hours of soaps six nights a week, while three others show at least one hour a night. Most soaps are based 66 wealthy characters living the high life in big cities."Although they have never really tried to work in a message towards the problems of reproduction, they describe middle and upper class values--not many children, different attitudes towards sex, women working," says Martine "They sent this image to all parts of Brazil and 67 people conscious of other patterns of behavior and other 68 , which were put into a very attractive pack- age. "Meanwhile, the installment plans tried to 69 the poor to become consumers. "This led to an enormous change in consumption patterns and 70 was incompatible’(不相容的)with un- limited reproduction," says Martine. 64（）
Brazil has become one of the developing world’ s great successes at reducing population growth but more by accident than design. While countries such as India have made joint efforts to 61 birth rates, Brazil has had better result without really trying, says George Martine at Harvard.Brazil’ s population growth 62 has dropped from 2.99% a year between 1951 and 1960 63 1.93% a year between 1981 and 1990, and Brazilian women now have only 2.7 children on average. Martine says this 64 may have fallen still further since 1990, an achievement that makes it the envy of many other Third World countries.Martine puts it down to, among other things, soap operas (通俗电视连续剧)and installment (分期付款) plans introduced in the 1970s. Both played an important, although indirect, 65 in lowering the birth rate. Brazil is one of the world’s biggest producers of soap operas. Globo, Brazil’ s most popular television network, shows three hours of soaps six nights a week, while three others show at least one hour a night. Most soaps are based 66 wealthy characters living the high life in big cities."Although they have never really tried to work in a message towards the problems of reproduction, they describe middle and upper class values--not many children, different attitudes towards sex, women working," says Martine "They sent this image to all parts of Brazil and 67 people conscious of other patterns of behavior and other 68 , which were put into a very attractive pack- age. "Meanwhile, the installment plans tried to 69 the poor to become consumers. "This led to an enormous change in consumption patterns and 70 was incompatible’(不相容的)with un- limited reproduction," says Martine. 66（）
An important point in the development of a governmental agency is the codification of its controlling practices. The study of law or jurisprudence is usually concerned with the codes and practices of specific governments, past or present. It is also concerned with certain questions upon which a functional analysis of behavior has some bearing. What is a law What role does a law play in governmental control In particular, what effect does it have upon the behavior of the controller and of the members of the governmental agency itselfA law usually has two important features. In the first place, it specifies behavior. The behavior is usually not described topographically but rather in terms of its effect upon others——the effect that is the object of governmental control. When we are told, for example, that an individual has "committed perjury," we are not told what he has actually said. "Robbery" and "assault" do not refer to specific forms of response. 0nly properties of behavior which are aversive to others are mentioned——in perjury the lack of a customary correspondence between a verbal response and certain factual circumstances, in robbery the removal of positive reinforces, and in assault the aversive character of physical injury. In the second place, a law specifies or implies a consequence, usually punishment. A law is thus a statement of a contingency of reinforcement maintained by a governmental agency. The contingency may have prevailed as a controlling practice prior to its codification as a law, or it may represent a new practice which goes into effect with the passage of the law. Laws are thus both descriptions of past practices and assurances of similar practices in the future. A law is a role of conduct in the sense that it specifies the consequences of certain actions which in turn "rule" behavior.The effect of a law upon the controlling agency. The government of a large group requires an elaborate organization, the practices of which may be made more consistent and effective by codification. How codes of law affect governmental agents is the principal subject of jurisprudence. The behavioral processes are complex, although presumably not novel. In order to maintain or "enforce" contingencies of governmental control, an agency must establish the fact that an individual has behaved illegally and must interpret a code to determine the punishment. It must then carry out the punishment. These labors are usually divided among special subdivisions of the agency. The advantages gained when the individual is "not under man but under law" have usually been obvious, and the great codifiers of law occupy places of honor in the history of civilization. Codification does not, however, change the essential nature of governmental action nor remedy all its defects. How does codification of the laws affect governmental agents（）
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