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Passage Two People from large families have an increased risk of stomach cancer, suggests a study that followed more than 7,000 Japanese-American men for 28 years. The study concluded that family size had a major influence on the development of stomach cancer linked to the bacterium Helicobacter pylori (幽门螺杆菌), and that younger siblings (兄弟，姐妹，同胞，同属) from large families were especially prone to the most common form of stomach cancer. H. pylori lives in the mucous (黏液的) layer of the stomach and is associated with peptic ulcers (消化器官溃疡) and stomach cancer. It’s estimated that half of the world’s population carries H. pylori in the stomach. It can be transmitted orally from person to person or through contact with human feces (粪便). The study found that men who carried certain strains of H. pylori in their stomachs and had seven or more siblings had more than twice the risk of developing stomach cancer, compared to men with the same H. pylori strains who had one to three siblings. The findings are published in the January 16 online issue of the journal Public Library of Science Medicine. "This is a very carefully controlled study that clearly shows that there are factors in early childhood that affect the risk of developing cancer many decades later," study leader Dr. Martin J. Blaser, professor and chairman of the Department of Medicine, and professor of microbiology at New York University Medical Center and School of Medicine, said in a prepared statement. "That early childhood events affect the risk of cancers occurring in old age is remarkable, and this may be a model for other cancers," Blaser said. He said that younger children in large families may acquire H. pylori from older siblings at a time when the younger children’s immune systems are still developing. This, in combination with the fact that the bacterium is already adapted to a genetically related person, means the younger children may have a more virulent H. pylori population in the stomach than if they’d acquired the germ from a non-relative. The men who had seven or more siblings had more than ______ the risk of developing stomach cancer, compared to men with the same H. pylori strains who had one to three siblings.
The homeless make up a growing percentage of America’s population. (62) homelessness has reached such proportions that local government can’t possibly (63) .To help homeless people (64) independence, the federal government must support job training programs, (65) the minimum wage, and fund more low-cost housing. (66) everyone agree on the numbers of Americans who are homeless. Estimates cover (67) from 600,000 to 3 million. (68) the figure may vary, analysts do agree on another matter: that the number of the homeless is (69) , one of the federal government’s studies (70) that the number of the homeless will reach nearly 19 million by the end of this decade. Finding ways to (71) this growing homeless population has become increasingly difficult. (72) when homeless individuals manage to find a lodging that will give them three (73) a day and a place to sleep at night, a good number still spend the bulk of each day (74) the street. Part of the problem is that many homeless adults are addicted to alcohol or drugs. And a significant number of the homeless have serious mental disorders. Many others, (75) not addicted or mentally ill, simply lack the everyday (76) skills needed to turn their lives (77) . Boston Globe reporter Chris Reidy notes that the situation will improve only when there are (78) programs that address the many needs of the homeless. (79) Edward Blotkowsk, director of community service at Bentley College in Massachusetts, (80) it, "There has to be (81) of programs. What’s need is a package deal."
Questions 11 to 18 are based on the passage you have just heard.
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