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Passage Three
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Passage One Questions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard.
Many students find the experience of attending university lectures to be a confusing and frustrating experience. The lecturer speaks for one or two hours, perhaps (67) the talk with slides, writing up important information on the blackboard, (68) reading material and giving out (69) . The new student sees the other students continuously writing on notebooks and (70) what to write. Very often the student leaves the lecture (71) notes which do not catch the main points and (72) become hard even for the (73) to understand. Most institutions provide courses which (74) new students to develop the skills they need to be (75) listeners and note-takers. (76) these are unavailable, there are many useful study-skills guides which (77) learners to practice these skills (78) . In all cases it is important to (79) the problem (80) actually starting your studies. It is important t (81) that most students have difficulty in acquiring the language skills (82) in college study. One way of (83) these difficulties is to attend the language ,and study-skills classes which most institutions provide throughout the (84) year. Another basic (85) is to find a study partner. (86) it is possible to identify difficulties, exchange ideas and provide support.
When one looks back upon the fifteen hundred years that are the life span of the English language, he should be able to notice a number of significant truths. The history of our language has always been a history of constant change--at times a slow, almost imperceptible change, at other times a violent collision between two languages. Our language has always been a living growing organism, it has never been static. Another significant truth that emerges from such a study is that language at all times has been the possession not of one class or group but of many. At one extreme it h been the property of the common, ignorant folk, who have used it in the daily business of their living, much as they have used their animals or the kitchen pots and pans. At the other extreme it has been the treasure of those who have respected it as an instrument and a sign of civilization, and who have struggled by writing it down to give it some permanence, order, dignity, and if possible, a little beauty. As we consider our changing language, we should note here two developments that are of special and immediate importance to us. One is that since the time of the Anglo-Saxons there has been an almost complete reversal of the different devices for showing the relationship of words in a sentence. Anglo-Saxon ( old English) was a language of many inflections. Modern English has few inflections. We must now depend largely on word order and function words to convey the meanings that the older language did by means of changes in the forms of words. Function words, you should understand, are words such as prepositions, conjunctions, and a few others that are used primarily to show relationships among other words. A few inflections, however, have survived. And when some word inflections come into conflict with word order, there may be trouble for the users of the language, as we shall see later when we turn our attention to such words as WHO or WHOM and ME or I. The second fact we must consider is that as language itself changes, our attitudes toward language forms change also. The eighteenth century, for example, produced from various sources a tendency to fix the language into patterns not always set in and grew, until at the present time there is a strong tendency to restudy and re-evaluate language practices in terms of the ways in which people speak and write. The author of these paragraphs is probably a(an) ______
某技术改造项目拟引进国外设备，据调研，同类项目通常投资额为3000万元(人民币)，年生产费用通常水平应为1200万元，基准收益率为10%，技术水平、质量水平可按一般水平为通常水平，现有三个方案可供选择： A方案：引进设备(1)总费用为4000万元(人民币)，年生产费用900万元(人民币)，技术水平先进，质量水平高，经济寿命15年，人员培训费用高。 B方案；引进设备(Ⅱ)(FOB)价格为200万美元(1:8.3)，重量500t，国际运费标准为400美元/t，海上运输保险费率为0.25%，银行财务费为0.5%，外贸手续费为1.5%，关税税率为20%，增值税税率为17%，车辆运杂费为2.5%，国内其他费用为394.129万元(人民币)。 年生产费用1200万元(人民币)，技术水平、质量水平一般，经济寿命期10年，人员培训费用较低。 C方案：引进设备(Ⅲ)总费用2500万元(人民币)，年生产费用1000万元(人民币)，技术水平较先进，质量水平较高，经济寿命期12年，人员培训费一般。 各方案综合评分如表6-5所示。 表6-5 各方案综合评分表 评价指标 指标权重 评分标准 各方案评分 A B C 投资金额 0.2 低于通常水平：80分 通常水平：70分 高于通常水平：60分 年生产费用 0.2 低于通常水平：90分 通常水平：70分 高于通常水平：60分 技术水平 0.2 先进：90分 较高：80分 一般：60分 质量水平 0.1 高于一般水平：80分 一般：60分 经济寿命n 0.2 n≥15年：90分 10＜n≤15年：70分 n≤10年：50分 人员培训费用 0.1 高：50分 较高：60分 较低：80分 [问题]1．计算B方案引进设备(Ⅱ)的总费用。2．按照评分标准，给A、B、C三方案评分。3．计算各方案的综合得分，做出方案选择。4．根据最小费用原理，考虑资金时间价值，做出方案选择。
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