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案例分析题How many times do you wake during the night Do the slightest disturbances—the sound of a toilet flushing, or the TV in the next room—rouse you from sleep, while your partner slumbers soundly through a thunderstorm It turns out that some people’s brains are better than others’ at blockading (阻碍) the constant incoming flow of environmental stimuli during sleep, and in a new study, scientists have identified and measured the process. They hope that one day they will be able to manipulate this ability in order to give lighter sleepers a better night’s rest. Ambient (周围的) sound is the most common cause of sleep interruption, since even during sleep the brain must actively receive sensory information. But as it continually monitors stimuli (刺激) from the environment in order to protect against threats, the brain also actively blockades them to allow body and mind to recharge and rest during sleep. Now, for the first time, sleep researchers led by neurologist Dr. Jeffrey Ellenbogen, have isolated the brain wave pattern that predicts where an individual’s brain has struck that balance between those two demands—a window into how likely noises are to wake people from deep sleep. "People currently working on how noise disrupts sleep typically look at it from two perspectives," says Ellenbogen. "They look at the source of the sound or—so public policies attempt to stop airplanes from flying at certain times or over certain areas they address the path of the sound, at things like double-paned windows or ear plugs. I’m adding a third perspective—the brain. Because the key part of normal healthy sleep is being able to block the response to sounds." For the three-night study, Ellenbogen’s group invited 12 volunteers who reported being deep and healthy sleepers into a sleep lab with a comfy queen-size bed that was outfitted with enormous speakers at the headboard. The researchers recorded the participants’ brain waves as they slept normally the first night, and then again on subsequent nights as they were bombarded with 14 different noises which were played at progressively louder volumes. Ellenbogen paid particular attention to the patterns generated by the thalamus(丘脑), a region deep in the brain that processes incoming visual and auditory stimuli. He found that the number of pulses, known as sleep spindles, generated by thalamus, varied among the sleepers. Those with the highest number of spindles were able to sleep through more sounds without waking, compared with those whose brains showed fewer spindles. More spindles meant they were more likely to be protected from sleep disruption. What does Ellenbogen find about sleep spindles（）
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案例分析题In some urban centers, workaholism is so common that people do not consider it unusual. They accept the lifestyle as normal. They frequently spend many (67) hours on the job each week and often do so by choice, not by (68) .Workaholism can be a serious problem. (69) true workaholics would rather work than do anything else, they probably don’t know how to (70) ; that is, they might not (71) movies, sports, or other types of entertainment. (72) of all, they hate to sit and do nothing. This (73) to relaxation may cause health problems such as heart attacks. (74) , typical workaholics don’t pay much attention to their families. They spend (75) time with their children, and their marriages may (76) .Is workaholism always dangerous Perhaps not. Some studies show that many workaholics have great (77) and interest in life. Their work is so (78) that they are actually very happy. For most workaholics, their jobs provide them (79) a challenge; this keeps them busy and creative.Other people (80) from work at age sixty-five, but workaholics usually (81) not to quit. They are still (82) about work and life in their eighties and nineties.Why do workaholics enjoy their jobs so much There are several advantages to work. Surely it offers more than financial (83) It provides people with self confidence. Psychologists claim that work gives people an identity through participation in work, (84) they get a sense of self-satisfaction and (85) Perhaps some people are compulsive about their work, but their (86) seems to be a safe—even an advantageous—one. 86（）
案例分析题In some urban centers, workaholism is so common that people do not consider it unusual. They accept the lifestyle as normal. They frequently spend many (67) hours on the job each week and often do so by choice, not by (68) .Workaholism can be a serious problem. (69) true workaholics would rather work than do anything else, they probably don’t know how to (70) ; that is, they might not (71) movies, sports, or other types of entertainment. (72) of all, they hate to sit and do nothing. This (73) to relaxation may cause health problems such as heart attacks. (74) , typical workaholics don’t pay much attention to their families. They spend (75) time with their children, and their marriages may (76) .Is workaholism always dangerous Perhaps not. Some studies show that many workaholics have great (77) and interest in life. Their work is so (78) that they are actually very happy. For most workaholics, their jobs provide them (79) a challenge; this keeps them busy and creative.Other people (80) from work at age sixty-five, but workaholics usually (81) not to quit. They are still (82) about work and life in their eighties and nineties.Why do workaholics enjoy their jobs so much There are several advantages to work. Surely it offers more than financial (83) It provides people with self confidence. Psychologists claim that work gives people an identity through participation in work, (84) they get a sense of self-satisfaction and (85) Perhaps some people are compulsive about their work, but their (86) seems to be a safe—even an advantageous—one. 71（）
案例分析题In some urban centers, workaholism is so common that people do not consider it unusual. They accept the lifestyle as normal. They frequently spend many (67) hours on the job each week and often do so by choice, not by (68) .Workaholism can be a serious problem. (69) true workaholics would rather work than do anything else, they probably don’t know how to (70) ; that is, they might not (71) movies, sports, or other types of entertainment. (72) of all, they hate to sit and do nothing. This (73) to relaxation may cause health problems such as heart attacks. (74) , typical workaholics don’t pay much attention to their families. They spend (75) time with their children, and their marriages may (76) .Is workaholism always dangerous Perhaps not. Some studies show that many workaholics have great (77) and interest in life. Their work is so (78) that they are actually very happy. For most workaholics, their jobs provide them (79) a challenge; this keeps them busy and creative.Other people (80) from work at age sixty-five, but workaholics usually (81) not to quit. They are still (82) about work and life in their eighties and nineties.Why do workaholics enjoy their jobs so much There are several advantages to work. Surely it offers more than financial (83) It provides people with self confidence. Psychologists claim that work gives people an identity through participation in work, (84) they get a sense of self-satisfaction and (85) Perhaps some people are compulsive about their work, but their (86) seems to be a safe—even an advantageous—one. 75（）
案例分析题Should we simply force young people to remain in education How should young people be encouraged to better themselves One idea, (47) by the previous Labor government in 2004, was to introduce an "education maintenance allowance", which paid up to ￡ 30 a week for college attendance to 16-18-year-olds from families with an annual (48) of ￡ 30,810 or less. The money was (49) to persuade parents who would otherwise push their children into low-paid manual work to direct them into training (50) .Yet a study. (51) by the previous government and published just before last year’s election found that only 12% of the teenagers receiving the allowance said they would not be able to attend college without it. That was seized on by the incoming education secretary, Michael Gove, who is (52) the allowance in England. On January 19th, students across England protested (53) the decision as MPs(国会议员) debated it.Some 650,000 teenagers—almost half of all youngsters in post-compulsory education—claim the allowance. The money was supposed to be spent on bus fares, books and the like, but some (54) have wasted it away on things such as make-up and mobile phones.The Institute for Fiscal (财政的)Studies, a think-tank, (55) reckons that channeling ￡560 million a year into poor families in this way was (56) . It calculated that the money wasted on the 88% of recipients who would have attended college anyway was outweighed(比...重要) by the savings made on the 12% who wouldn’t have. 56（）
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