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Text 3 Legend has it that sometime toward the Civil War (1861 -1865) a government train carrying oxen traveling through the northern plains of eastern Wyoming was caught in a snowstorm and had to be abandoned. The driver returned the next spring to see what had become of his cargo. Instead of the skeletons he had expected to find, he saw his oxen, living, fat, and healthy. How had they survived The answer lay in a resource that unknowing Americans had trampled underfoot in their haste to cross the "Great American Desert" to reach lands that sometimes proved barren. In the eastern parts of the United States, the preferred grass for forage was as cultivated plant. It grew well with enough rain, then when cut and stored it would cure and become nourishing hay for winter feed. But in the dry grazing lands of the west, that familiar bluejoint grass was often killed by drought. To raise cattle out there seemed risky or even hopeless. Who could imagine a fairy-tale grass that required no rain and somehow made it possible for cattle to feed themselves all winter But the surprising western wild grasses did just that. They had wonderfully convenient features that made them superior to the cultivated eastern grasses. Variously known as buffalo, grama grass, or mesquite grass, not only were they immune to drought; but they were actually preserved by the lack of summer and autumn rains. They were not juicy like the cultivated eastern grasses, but had short, hard stems. And they did not need to be cured in a barn, but dried right where they grew on the ground. When they dried in this way, they remained naturally sweet and nourishing through the winter. Cattle were left outdoors to fend for themselves thrived on this hay. And the cattle themselves helped plant the fresh grass year after year, for they trampled the natural seeds firmly into the soil to be watered by the melting snows of winter and the occasional rains of spring. The dry summer air cured them, much as storing in a barn cured the cultivated grasses. Which of the following was NOT mentioned as a characteristic of the western grasses
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What do we mean by a perfect English pronunciation In one sense there are as many different kinds of English as there are speakers of it. (21) two speakers speak in exactly the same (22) . We can always hear differences (23) them, and the pronunciation of English (24) a great deal in different geographical (25) . How do we decide what sort of English to use as a (26) This is not a question that can be (27) in the same way for all foreign learners of English. (28) you live in a part of the world like India or West Africa, where there is a long (29) of speaking English for general communication purposes, you should tend to acquire a good variety of the pronunciation of this area. It would be a (30) in these circumstances to use as a model BBC English or (31) of the sort. On the other hand, if you live in a country (32) there is no traditional use of English, you must take (33) your model some form of practical English pronunciation. It does not care very much which form you choose. The most (34) way is to take as your model the sort of English you can (35) most often. 30()
Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word or phrase for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on your ANSWER SHEET. The first English dictionary, called an Alphabetical Table of Hard Words, was published in 1604. The dictionary was actually (26) a list of about 3 000 difficult words, each followed by a one word (27) . The author, Robert Cawdrey, (28) to include everyday words in his dictionary. (29) , he reasoned, would ever have to look up a word in a dictionary if he already knew the meaning of the word. During the 1600’ s more dictionaries were published. Each followed Cawdrey’ s (30) and presented a few thousand (31) words. Around 1700 one dictionary maker, John Kersey, (32) define easy words as well as hard ones. But until the 1750’ s all dictionaries were rather (33) and not very valuable. A man named Dr. Samuel Johnson (34) all this. In 1755 Dr. Johnson produced the first modern dictionary. He (35) in his dictionary all important words, both easy and hard, and he gave good meanings. He also gave good sentences to show how each word was (36) used in speech and (37) . By the end of the 1700’ s most dictionary makers (38) Johnson’ s lead. Dictionaries were getting better and better. The 1800’ s (39) the greatest improvement (40) the quality of dictionaries. In England scholars planned and prepared the Oxford English dictionary, a (41) work. One of the most interesting (42) of the Oxford Dictionary is its word histories. It (43) the history of each word from its earliest (44) use (45) the time of the printing of the dictionary.
Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word or phrase for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on your ANSWER SHEET. The first English dictionary, called an Alphabetical Table of Hard Words, was published in 1604. The dictionary was actually (26) a list of about 3 000 difficult words, each followed by a one word (27) . The author, Robert Cawdrey, (28) to include everyday words in his dictionary. (29) , he reasoned, would ever have to look up a word in a dictionary if he already knew the meaning of the word. During the 1600’ s more dictionaries were published. Each followed Cawdrey’ s (30) and presented a few thousand (31) words. Around 1700 one dictionary maker, John Kersey, (32) define easy words as well as hard ones. But until the 1750’ s all dictionaries were rather (33) and not very valuable. A man named Dr. Samuel Johnson (34) all this. In 1755 Dr. Johnson produced the first modern dictionary. He (35) in his dictionary all important words, both easy and hard, and he gave good meanings. He also gave good sentences to show how each word was (36) used in speech and (37) . By the end of the 1700’ s most dictionary makers (38) Johnson’ s lead. Dictionaries were getting better and better. The 1800’ s (39) the greatest improvement (40) the quality of dictionaries. In England scholars planned and prepared the Oxford English dictionary, a (41) work. One of the most interesting (42) of the Oxford Dictionary is its word histories. It (43) the history of each word from its earliest (44) use (45) the time of the printing of the dictionary.
What do we mean by a perfect English pronunciation In one sense there are as many different kinds of English as there are speakers of it. (21) two speakers speak in exactly the same (22) . We can always hear differences (23) them, and the pronunciation of English (24) a great deal in different geographical (25) . How do we decide what sort of English to use as a (26) This is not a question that can be (27) in the same way for all foreign learners of English. (28) you live in a part of the world like India or West Africa, where there is a long (29) of speaking English for general communication purposes, you should tend to acquire a good variety of the pronunciation of this area. It would be a (30) in these circumstances to use as a model BBC English or (31) of the sort. On the other hand, if you live in a country (32) there is no traditional use of English, you must take (33) your model some form of practical English pronunciation. It does not care very much which form you choose. The most (34) way is to take as your model the sort of English you can (35) most often. 32()
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