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Baghdad, Iraq—If, in time, the attempt to implant a pro-Western, democratic political System in Iraq ends up buried in the desert sands, historians will have no shortage of things that went wrong. (46) Equally, if the problems here ultimately recede, supporters of the enterprise will find vindication (证明’" 正确) in the Bush administration’s decision to hold course as others lost faith.(47) Either way, any reckoning will examine the numbers of American troops committed here: whether they were so thinly stretched that their mission was doomed from the start, or, as Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld said last week, American commanders were given "exactly what they’ve recommended" in terms of troops.Mr. Rumsfeld has long taken a "less is more" approach to combat troop levels, and in a BBC interview Monday, be seemed to move toward those now pressing to reduce troop levels soon. (48) "The reason for fewer," he said, "is because ultimately it’s going to be the Iraqi people who are going to prevail in this insurgency (起义)" in other words, Iraqi, not American, troops are the ones who will win the war, if it can be won.The words seemed at least to nod to politics. (49) Last week, even as opinion polls showed continuing erosion in support for the war, a conservative from a state heavy with military bases who has been a staunch(坚定的)supporter of the war, Representative Walter B. Jones of North Carolina, joined with another Republican and two Democrats in calling on President Bush to begin drawing down the troops in Iraq by Oct. 1, 2006.Earlier this year, the Pentagon offered an even earlier date for an initial reduction. But in recent weeks, American generals here have been telling Congressional visitors that the disappointing performance of many Iraqi combat units has made early departures impractical. They say it will be two years or more before Iraqis can be expected to begin replacing American units as the main guarantors of security.Commanders concerned for their careers have not thought it prudent to go further, and to say publicly what many say privately: that with recent American troop levels—139,000 now they have been forced to play an infernal board game, constantly shuttling combat units from one war zone to another, leaving insurgent buildups unmet in some places while they deal with more urgent problems elsewhere.Generals are not famous for wanting smaller armies. (50) But American commanders here have been cautioned by the reality that the Pentagon (五角大楼), in a time of all-volunteer forces and plunging recruiting levels, has few if any extra troops to deploy(部署), and that there are limits to what American public opinion would bear. So the generals have kept quiet about troop levels. Either way, any reckoning will examine the numbers of American troops committed here: whether they were so thinly stretched that their mission was doomed from the start, or, as Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld said last week, American commanders were given "exactly what they’ve recommended" in terms of troops.
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[听力原文]M: Have anything delicious latelyW: Only the things that you don’t like. What does the woman mean（）
English is the official language of the United Kingdom and is the first language of the vast majority of its citizens. The use of language is extremely important to Britain’s. class structure. Some educated English people, regardless of their class origin, Strive to free themselves of regional or local accents in order to sound like educated English-speaking people. Some people in England regard regional accents and slang as substandard. On the other hand, many local people, such as Cockneys in East London and people in northern England, enjoy their particular way of speaking, regarding it as warmer and friendlier than standard English.Scottish people appreciate the Scottish accent so much they insist the BBC carry programs with Scottish-accented speakers. The Celtic language, an ancient tongue, continues to be spoken in Scotland by some people, usually those in the more remote areas of the country. Approximately 80,000 Scots speak Scottish Gaelic, a type of Celtic language. English is the main language in Northern Ireland, although at least some of the Roman Catholic minority speak Irish, another Gaelic dialect, as a second language.The ancient Celtic language of Wales is strongly tied to the cultural nationalism of the region. At the time of the 1991 census(人口调查), about 20 percent of the Welsh population could speak Welsh. Welsh is spoken in northern and western Wales much more than in southern Wales, where many English people have relocated. Many schools in Wales offer bilingual education, and there is a Welsh-language television channel. In 1993, after long and considerable struggle by Welsh nationalists, the government made Welsh a joint official language with English in Wales for use in the courts, the civil service, and other aspects of the government department. At the time of the 1991. if the Welsh is 10 million, how many welsh population could speak Welsh（）
Questions 11 to 18 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
A. Revelation of the nature of cometsB. A perfect representative of the cometsC. Hoping for the bestD. Right time and right place for the ImpactE. What to expect of this Deep ImpactF. Mystery in the heavensOn Monday at 1:52 a.m. ET, a probe deployed by a NASA spacecraft 83 million miles from home will smash at 23,000 mph into an ancient comet the size of Manhattan, blasting a hole perhaps 14 stories deep.41. ( )Launched in January, NASA’s $333 million Deep Impact mission is designed to answer questions that scientists have long had about comets, the ominous icebergs of space. This is the first time any space agency has staged such a deliberate crash. Scientists hope images transmitted by the probe and its mother ship will tell them about conditions in the early solar system, when comets and planets, including Earth, were formed. The team hopes to release photos of the impact as soon as they are received from the craft. NASA and observatories across the nation will be releasing webcasts.42. ( )At the very least, NASA says, knowing how deep the probe dives into the comet could settle the debate over whether comets are compact ice cubes or porous snow cones. "We need to dig as deep a hole as possible," says mission science chief Michael A’Hearn of the University of Maryland. Until now, the closest scientists have come to a comet was when NASA’s Stardust mission passed within 167 miles of the comet Wild 2 last year, collecting comet dust that is bound for a return to Earth in January. The most famous date with a comet occurred when an international spacecraft flotilla greeted Halley’s comet in 1986. But these quick looks examined only the comets’ dust and surface.43. ( )To the ancients, comets were harbingers of doom, celestial intruders on the perfection of the heavens that presaged disaster. Modern astronomers have looked on them more favorably, at least since Edmond Halley’s celebrated 1705 prediction of the return of Halley’s comet in 1758 and every 75years thereafter. Today, scientists believe Tempel 1 (named for Ernst Wilhelm Leberecht Tempel, who first spotted it in 1867 while searching for comets in the sky over Marseilles, France) and other comets are windows to the earliest days of the solar system, 4. 6 billion years ago, when planets formed from the dust disk surrounding the infant sum44. ( )Deep Impact’s copper-plated "impactor"—a 39-inch long, 820-pound beer-barrel-shaped probe—will be "run over like a penny on a train track" when it crashes, A’Hearn says. The impactor is equipped with a navigation system to make sure it smacks into the comet in the right location for the flyby craft’s cameras. On Sunday, the flyby spacecraft will release the probe. Twelve minutes later, it will beat a hasty retreat with a maneuver aimed at allowing a close flyby, from 5,348 miles away, with cameras pointed. Fourteen minutes after the impact, the flyby spacecraft will scoot to within a mere 310 miles for a close-up of the damage,45. ( )Ideally, everything will line up, and the flyby spacecraft will take images of the crater caused by the impact. It will go into a "shielded" mode as ice and dust batter the craft, then emerge to take more pictures. "The realistic worst case is hitting (the comet) but not having the flyby in the right place," A’Hearn says. "Basically, we have a bullet trying to hit a second bullet with a third bullet in the right place at the right time to watch, I’d love to have a joystick(操纵杆) to control the impactor."Planetary scientists have "no idea" what sort of crater will result, McFadden says. Predictions range from a deep but skinny shaft driven into a porous snow cone to a football- stadium-sized excavation in a hard-packed ice ball.But astronomers should have their answer shortly after impact, which should settle some questions about the comet’s crust and interior. Analysis of the chemistry of that interior, based on the light spectra given off in the impact’s aftermath, could take much longer. 44
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