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There has arisen during this twentieth century (as it arose before, in ages which we like to call dark) a pronounced anti intellectualism, a feeling that both studies and literature are not merely vain, but also (1)_____ untrustworthy. With people swayed by this wrong (2)_____ that there is little use in arguing, either for history or literature, or for poetry or music, or for the arts (3)_____. With others, there is still faith that any civilization worthy of the name must be (4)_____ in a ceaseless pursuit of truth. Whether truth is (5)_____ through study or through the arts makes no difference. Any pursuit of truth is not only (6)_____; it is the foundation stone of civilization. The (7)_____ for and reading of history is one of those approaches to truth. It is only ones all the arts and sciences are such (8)_____. All have their place; all are good; and each (9)_____ with the other. They are not airtight compartments. It is only in a few institutions, subjected to (10)_____ misinformation, that events like the Industrial Revolution are (11)_____ entirely to the historians, the social scientists, or the physical scientists. Only within the past hundred years have historians (12)_____ that what people have done in literature and art is a part of their history. Books like Uncle Tom"s Cabin have themselves helped to (13)_____ history. Even at the moment, when scientific (14)_____ becomes more and more specialized and the historian concentrates more and more fiercely on periods and (15)_____, it is becoming more (16)_____ to the layman that all this is part of one whole. Even on a (n) (17)_____ when textbooks are being written to introduce to the theoretical physicist his colleagues who are working as chemists or engineers on perhaps the same problem, the layman is far enough (18)_____ from all this specialization to see the whole, possibly even more clearly than do the (19)_____. Between history, biography, the arts and sciences, and even journalism, who could draw airtight (20)_____ Not laymen. Is not yesterday"s newspaper history, and may it not become literature
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The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G. Some of the paragraphs have been placed for you. (10 points)A. In any case, omnipresent chipping is years away. Undaunted, RFID chipmaker VeriChip is looking for big banks and credit-card firms interested in offering RFID-based e-wallets. If successful, they would truly give shouldering up to the bar for a drink a whole new meaning.B. As the Baja Beach Club trial shows, RFID can tag people as well as goods. Some hospitals ate using RFID bracelets on newborn babies and elderly patients with dementia. Children in one Japanese school wave RFID cards to alert their parents that they"ve arrived.C. For some retailers, RFID is a way to provide a more seamless shopping experience. British re tail giant Marks & Spencer is currently tagging men"s suits in several London stores as part of a test. When you buy a size 42, the stockroom—alerted by the tag—sends up another. In Prada"s New York store, if you hold a dress near a monitor, you"ll see models wearing it on a runway.D. Antoine Hazelaar has a chip on his shoulder—or rather just beneath the skin of his left arm. It"s a piece of silicon the size of a grain of rice, and it emits wireless signals that are picked up by scanners nearby. Ever since the 34-year-old Web-site producer had the chip implanted in his arm, he"s enjoyed VIP status at Barcelona"s Baja Beach Club. Instead of queuing up behind velvet ropes, Hazelaar allows the guard to scan his arm, and strolls right in. If he wants a drink, the bartender waves an electronic wand that deducts from the 100 Euro tab on Hazelaar"s chip.E. Such science-fictional clubbing is made possible by Radio Frequency Identification, or RFID, technology—tiny digital chips that broadcast wireless signals. RFID tags are cheap and small enough to be disposable, and they"re getting cheaper and smaller by the day. Retail stores are beginning to use them as glorified bar codes, putting them on cases of bananas or Coke so they can keep track of their inventory. The technology has the potential to transform our relationship to the objects around us. The prospect is exciting, but it raises troubling questions about the invasion of privacy.F. For now, businesses see it as a way to save money and improve service. Big groceries, department stores and other retailers around the world are asking suppliers to put RFID tags on shipments of goods. Staff will know exactly where items are and when they came in. Customers will never have to leave the store empty-handed because items will never run out—wireless signals will alert staffers to dwindling supplies of soap. What"s more, RFID will help combat theft or forging, problems that cost businesses $500 billion a year.G. Privacy implications remain a big obstacle. The fear is that companies or governments could use the tags as a means of monitoring. Proponents counter that RFID tags transmit for only a few meters, and the data can be deactivated once a product leaves the store. Nevertheless, CASP LAN and other watchdog groups have won concessions from retailers. Wal-Mart and Benetton will only use the tags on pallets, not on individual items, and Metro has gotten rid of RFID-enabled loyalty cards.Order: D is the first paragraph and A is the last.
As childhood-obesity rates skyrocket, doctors are seeing an alarming rise in a costly disease once unheard of in children: type 2 diabetes. Unlike type 1, or "juvenile" diabetes—an autoimmune disorder in which the pancreas stops producing insulin—type 2 diabetes is linked to diet and lifestyle. It usually develops only in individuals who are genetically sicken for the condition, but requires a trigger—typically, insulin resistance resulting from overeating. The disease used to be seen only in adults because it took years to exhaust the body"s natural insulin production and resistance. No longer. With kids from Austria to Australia eating a diet laden with fats and sugars, type 2 diabetes is striking at ever earlier ages. Says Arian Rosenbloom, a Florida-based pediatric endocrinologist: "We do not see type 2 in kids of normal weight." The pattern is similar all over the world. In the United States and Britain, half of the new cases of diabetes in children are type 2, compared with just 4 percent in 1990. In China, where 90 percent of the children who have contracted the disease are now type 2, experts say the incidence has been rising by 9 percent each year since 1992. Between 1975 and 1995 in Japan, cases of type 2 in children increased fourfold. And children in Latin America could see a 45 percent rise in the disease by 2010. The trend mirrors the explosion of diabetes among the general population. In 1985 an estimated 30 million people worldwide had the disease; today that number has been more than fivefold, to 177 million, 85 percent of whom have type 2. If modern diet and lifestyle aren"t drastically altered, the World Health Organization expects this number to rise to nearly 300 million cases by 2025—half of them in Asia. The biggest danger of developing diabetes at a younger age is that it allows more time for complications. Among other things, diabetes commonly causes blindness, loss of circulation, heart and kidney disease, strokes and dangerously high blood-sugar levels. For young people with diabetes, the expected life span is 15 years less than average. Neville Rigby, head of policy and public affairs at the International Obesity Task Force, puts it bluntly: "Some of these children are going to die before their parents." Ultimately, diabetes is incurable. Although changes in lifestyle and diet can help stem the progression of the disease, it never disappears. Most patients are on insulin injections a decade after diagnosis. Ralph Abraham, a specialist at the London Diabetes and Lipid Centre, compares trying to develop a healthy body after being diagnosed to "trying to run up a down escalator." The best long term hope for reversing the trend is for society to get its weight problem under control. According to the last paragraph, diabetes will
There has arisen during this twentieth century (as it arose before, in ages which we like to call dark) a pronounced anti intellectualism, a feeling that both studies and literature are not merely vain, but also (1)_____ untrustworthy. With people swayed by this wrong (2)_____ that there is little use in arguing, either for history or literature, or for poetry or music, or for the arts (3)_____. With others, there is still faith that any civilization worthy of the name must be (4)_____ in a ceaseless pursuit of truth. Whether truth is (5)_____ through study or through the arts makes no difference. Any pursuit of truth is not only (6)_____; it is the foundation stone of civilization. The (7)_____ for and reading of history is one of those approaches to truth. It is only ones all the arts and sciences are such (8)_____. All have their place; all are good; and each (9)_____ with the other. They are not airtight compartments. It is only in a few institutions, subjected to (10)_____ misinformation, that events like the Industrial Revolution are (11)_____ entirely to the historians, the social scientists, or the physical scientists. Only within the past hundred years have historians (12)_____ that what people have done in literature and art is a part of their history. Books like Uncle Tom"s Cabin have themselves helped to (13)_____ history. Even at the moment, when scientific (14)_____ becomes more and more specialized and the historian concentrates more and more fiercely on periods and (15)_____, it is becoming more (16)_____ to the layman that all this is part of one whole. Even on a (n) (17)_____ when textbooks are being written to introduce to the theoretical physicist his colleagues who are working as chemists or engineers on perhaps the same problem, the layman is far enough (18)_____ from all this specialization to see the whole, possibly even more clearly than do the (19)_____. Between history, biography, the arts and sciences, and even journalism, who could draw airtight (20)_____ Not laymen. Is not yesterday"s newspaper history, and may it not become literature
"All too often, in the history of the United States, the school teacher has been in no position to serve as a model to the intellectual life," Hofstadter wrote. "Too often he has not only no claims to an intellectual life of his own, but not even an adequate workmanlike competence in the skills he is supposed to impart." Harsh words, perhaps, but Hofstadter"s idea makes sense: If teachers—on the front line of education—don"t have an active intellectual life, they"re not likely to communicate a love of learning and critical thinking to their students. In his 1995 book, Out of Our Minds: Anti-Intellectualism and Talent Development in American Schools, Craig Howley cites several studies about the education and habits of public school teachers. According to one study, prospective teachers take fewer liberal arts courses than their counterparts in other arts and science majors—and fewer upper-division courses in any subject except pedagogy. It appears, Howley writes, that prospective teachers do not often make a special effort during their college years to pursue advanced study in fields other than pedagogy. Frequent reading of literature in academic fields is the mark of the scholar, Howley says, so it"s logical to look at teachers" reading habits. Readers tend to be more reflective and more critical than nonreaders, argues Howley, who found that studies of teachers" reading showed two patterns: One is that teachers don"t read very much—on average, just 3.2 books a year. (In fact, 11 percent of those surveyed said they had not read a single book during the current year.) The second pattern is that when teachers do read, they prefer popular books rather than scholarly or professional literature. Of those who were reading about education, most were reading books intended for the general public. It"s true that U.S. teachers have traditionally been poorly paid and not well respected, which means that the best and the brightest are often not attracted to teaching. But until teachers can be role models and exhibit their own love of learning and academics, the children won"t get it. "Create a culture among the adults, a community of adults who are learners, who are excited a bout ideas in the other disciplines," says Deborah Meier, educator and author of The Power of Their Ideas. "The school must represent the culture it wants to encourage. If we want kids to feel that an intellectual life belongs to them, it must belong to the teacher, too." It can be inferred from the last two paragraphs that
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