第一篇 Giving Up SmokingA number of devices are available to help a person quit smoking. Nicotine(尼古丁) patches are small, nicotine-containing adhesive(粘着性的) discs applied to the skin. The nicotine is slowly absorbed through the skin and enters the bloodstream. Over time, the nicotine dose is reduced and eventually the desire for nicotine is eased. Nicotine gum works in a similar manner, providing small doses of nicotine when chewed.The benefits of giving up smoking include the immediate reduction of harm to the health of the smoking and easily admission to social activities and institutions that ban smoking. In a 1988 report, the U.S. Surgeon General declared cigarette smoking to be more harmful and expensive than the use of cocaine (可卡因), alcohol, or heroin. Recent evidence supports this claim.The United States government has collected a special tax on cigarettes for several decades. The rate rose from 8 cents per pack of 20 cigarettes in 1951 to 24 cents per pack in 1993. In other developed countries, the cigarette tax rate is much higher, ranging from 50 percent in Switzerland to 85 percent in Denmark.In the United States, the first direct action to check smoking was the regulation of a warming on cigarette packages by the Federal Trade Commission. This warning took effect in 1964 and was strengthened in 1969 to read:“Warning: The Surgeon General Has Determined That Cigarette Smoking Is Dangerous to Your Health.”In 1971 all cigarette advertising was banned from radio and television, and cities and states passed laws requiring nonsmoking sections in public places and workplaces. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a step to control smoking()
A. Collecting a special tax on cigarettes.
B. Forbidding smoking in all public places.
C. Banning cigarette advertising from radio and TV.
D. Requiring a warning on each cigarette package.
某内燃机公司最高层主管人员长期忧虑的一个问题是:生产车间的工人对他们的工作缺乏兴趣,产品质量不得不由检验科来保证。公司在生产线的最后增设一个技术水平较高的班组,专门负责解决质量问题。由于这种方法费用较高,且质量问题主要是由装配差错造成,因此,公司中很多人对于使用这种事后处理方法感到很不满意。当然,不可否认,也有部分差错是由于设计不合理造成的。公司总裁召集主要部门主管开会研究这个问题该如何解决。生产经理刘伟断言,这些问题是工程设计方面的事情。他认为,只要工程设计上充分仔细地设计部件和整机结构,许多质量问题就不会出现。他又责怪人事部门没有更仔细地挑选工人,并且没有让使用员工的部门参与到选拔工作中来,他特别指出装配工人流动率每月高达5%以上,且星期一的旷工率经常达到20%,他认为用这样的劳动力,没有一个生产部门能够有效地运转。总工程师王军认为,部件和整机结构都设计得很好。如果标准要求再严一点,生产就会非常困难和费时,内燃机的成本会大幅提高。人事经理刘彦从多方面来说明人事问题。首先,在公司的人事方面,她的部门对公司启用和留用工人很少有或没有控制权。其次,车间的工作非常单调辛苦,所以公司不应该期望工人对这种工作除了领取工资外还会有什么兴趣。但是刘彦说,她相信公司可以想办法提高工人的兴趣。如果工人承担的工作范围能够扩大的话,必然会出现高质量的工作以及较低的缺勤率和流动率。她建议公司做两件事:一是要工人掌握几种操作技能,而不是制作一项简单的动作;二是工人每星期轮流换班,从生产线的一个位置换到一个完全不同的位置,这样可以为工人提供新的和更有挑战性的工作。人事经理的建议很快被采用并付诸实行,使每个人觉得意外的是:工人对新计划表示极大的不满。一个星期后,工人罢工,装配线关闭。工人们声称,新计划只是一种管理上的诡计——使他们要做比以前更多的工作并且训练他们去替代其他工人而不增加任何工资。 (2007,74)人事经理刘彦的建议实行后并没有取得预期的效果,最可能的原因是( )。
A. 没有改变工作本身枯燥乏味的现实
B. 事先没有和工人进行充分的沟通
C. 工人素质太低
D. 其他部门的管理者没有予以配合