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Leaving no stone unturned in your()for the fugitive, gentlemen, I wish you every advantage, for the individual we seek is swift-witted, wily, and capable of the swiftest().

A. adamancy … vengeance
B. wrath… chicanery
C. search… elusions
D. consanguinity… maneuvers
E. hunt… delusions

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While mimicking the thought of his mentor Socrates, who conceived of forms as existing on an ethereal, heavenly and()plane, Plato also argued that forms become()in objects.

A. abstract; rational
B. condensed; ratified
C. sacrilegious; profane
D. transcendent; immanent
E. imaginative ; earthbound

Most words are "lexical words", i.e. nouns signifying "things", the majority of which are abstract concepts rather than physical objects in the world; only "proper nouns" have specific and unique referents in the everyday Line world. The communicative function of a fully-functioning language requires the (5) scope of reference beyond the particularity of the individual instance. While each leaf, cloud or smile is different from all others, effective communication requires general categories or "universals". Anyone who has attempted to communicate with people who do not share their language will be familiar with the limitations of simply pointing to things, given that the vast majority of (10) lexical words in a language exist on a high level of abstraction and refer to classes of things such as "buildings" or to concepts like "construction".We lose any one-to-one correspondence of word and thing the moment we group instances into classes. Other than lexical words, language consists of "function words" or grammatical words, such as "only" and "under" which do (15) not refer to objects in the world at all, and many more kinds of signs other than simple nouns. The notion of words as labels for concepts assumes that ideas exist independently of words and that ideas are established in advance before theintroduction of linguistic structure. Clearly, language is not limited to naming things existing in the physical world, but includes non-existent objects and ideas (20) well. The nomenclaturist stance, in viewing words as labels for pre-existingideas and objects, attempts unsuccessfully to reduce language to the purely referential function of naming things. Things do not exist independently of the sign systems which we use; "reality" is created by the media which seem simply(25) to represent it. Language does not simply name pre-existing categories; categories do not exist in "the world" .e.g. "where are the boundaries of a cloud; when does a smile begin". Such an emphasis on reality as invariably perceptually seamless may be an exaggeration; our referential categories do seem to bear some relationship to certain features which seem to be inherently (30) salient. Within a language, many words may refer to "the same thing" but reflect different evaluations of it. For example, "one person’s ’hovel’ is another person’s ’home’" Meanwhile, the signified of a word is subject to historical change. In this sense, "reality" or "the world" is created by the language we use: this (35) argument insists on the primacy of the signifier. Even if we do not adopt the radical stance that "the real world" is a product of our sign systems, we must still acknowledge the lack of signifiers for many things in the empirical world and that there is no parallel correlation between most words and objects in the known world at all. Thus, all words are "abstractions", and there is no direct (40) correspondence between words and "things" in the world. The author of the passage is primarily concerned with()

A. refuting a belief held by one school of linguistics
B. reviewing an interesting feature of language
C. illustrating the confusion that can result from the improper use of language
D. suggesting a way in which languages can be made more nearly perfect
E. surveying new interesting areas of research in the field of linguistics

Regardless of the()he evinces, especially when articulating his purportedly innate affinity for tennis, he is nevertheless a less than()player once actually upon the court.

A. passion;sanguine
B. disapprobation ; mediocre
C. alacrity; pliant
D. vivacity ; vitiated
E. torpor; ebullient

Scientists studying the effect of large volcanic eruptions on global climate have long focused on the major quantities of carbon dioxide (C02), a gas known to contribute to the greenhouse effect, produced by these eruptions. It is well observed that such greenhouse gases trap heat radiated from the surface of the earth, thereby forming a type of insulation around the planet. The greenhouse effect is essential for ecological equipoise because it maintains the temperature of the planet within habitable parameters, but there is growing concern that man-made production of gases such as CO[,2] from the burning of fossil fuels may be threatening the system’’s tolerance, and have resulted in excessive warming on a global scale. While volcanic eruptions indubitably metabolize and accumulate C0[,2] in the atmosphere, it has been recently discovered that their impact is virtually trivial compared to the quantity produced by human activities, especially heavy industry. In reality, the more substantive climatic effect from volcanoes results from the production of atmospheric haze, whereby large eruption columns inject ash particles and sulfur-rich gases into the troposphere and stratosphere, clouds that circumscribe the globe within weeks of the volcanic activity. Ash and aerosol clouds from large volcanic eruptions disseminate quickly through the atmosphere, and the small ash particles decrease the amount of sunlight reaching the surface of the earth and lower average global temperatures, while the sulfurous gases combine with water in the atmosphere to form acidic aerosols that also absorb incoming solar radiation and scatter it back out into space. There is evidence that volcanoes’ stratospheric ash clouds has a lesser effect on global temperatures than aerosol clouds, given that the major Mt. St. Helens eruption had lowered global temperatures by about 0.1 degree C, while two years later the much smaller eruption of El Chico had, by contrast, three to five times the global cooling effect worldwide. Despite its smaller ash cloud, El Chico emitted more than 40 times the volume of sulfur-rich gases produced by Mt. St. Helens, revealing that the formation of atmospheric sulfur aerosols has a more substantial effect on global temperatures than simply the volume of ash produced during an eruption. Sulfate aerosols appear to necessitate several years to settle out of the atmosphere, one of the reasons their effects are so widespread and enduring. This corroborates the opinion of those scientists who argue that without the cooling effect of major volcanic eruptions such as El Chico, global warming effects caused by human activities would be far more substantial. It should be noted that major volcanic eruptions have additional climatic effects beyond global temperature decreases and acid rain, for ash and aerosol particles suspended in the atmosphere scatter light of red wavelengths, often resulting in brilliantly colored sunsets and sunrises around the world. The author mentions the eruption of Mount St. Helens (lines 25 - 26) primarily in order to emphasize which of the following points()

A. The deep and enduring effect that volcanic eruptions have on the environment
B. The process by which classic volcanic eruptions tend to occur
C. The relative dearth of cases with scientists can judge the effects of volcanic eruptions
D. A sample case with which later volcanic explosions are compared
E. The global cooling effects of one of the best-studied volcanic eruptions

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