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The United States is a federal union of 50 states. The capital of national government is in Washington, D. C. (District of Columbia). The Federal Constitution sets up the structures of the national government and lists its powers and activities. The constitution gives Congress the authority to make laws which are necessary for the common defense and the good of the nation. It also gives the Federal Government the power to deal with national and international problems that involve more than one state. All powers that are not given to the Federal Government by the constitution are the responsibility of the individual states.The Federal Government has three branches—the executive, the legislative, and the judicial. The legislative branch makes the laws, executive branch carries out the laws, and judicial branch interprets the laws. The President heads the executive branch and the Supreme Court heads the judicial branch. The legislative branch includes both houses of Congress—the Senate and the House of Representatives. The constitution limits the powers of each branch and prevents one branch from gaining too much power. For example, Congress can pass a law and the President may sign it. Nevertheless, the Supreme Court can declare the law unconstitutional and nullify it.All government in the United States is "of the people, by the people and for the people". The people elect the President and the members of Congress. However, the President appoints the heads of federal departments and the Supreme Court judges. Every citizen votes in secret. Consequently, no one knows for whom an individual votes. The people believe that their government should provide a frame word and order within which they are left free to run their own lives. The capital of the United States lies in（）
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Most young people enjoy some form of physical activity. It may be walking, cycling or swimming, or in winter, skating or skiing. It may be game of some kind football, hockey, golf, or tennis. It may be mountaineering.Those who have a passion for climbing high and difficult mountains are often looked upon with astonishment. Why are men and women willing to suffer cold and hardship, and to take risks on high mountains This astonishment is caused probably by the difference between mountaineering and other forms of activities to which men give their leisure.Mountaineering is a sport and not a game. There are no man-made rules, as there are for such games as golf and football. There are, of course, rules of a different kind which it would be dangerous to ignore, but it is this freedom from man-made rules that makes mountaineering attractive to many people. Those who climb mountains are free to use their own methods.If we compare mountaineering and other more familiar sports, we might think that one big difference is that mountaineering is not a "team game". We should be mistaken in this. There are, it is true, no "matches" between "teams" of climbers, but when climbers are on a rock face linked by a rope on which their lives may depend, there is obviously teamwork.The mountain climber knows that he may have to fight forces that are stronger and more powerful than man. He has to fight the forces of nature. His sport requires high mental and physical qualities.A mountain climber continues to improve in skill year after year. A skier is probably past his best by the age of thirty, and most international tennis champions are in their early twenties. But it is not unusual for man of fifty or sixty to climb the highest mountains in Alps. They may take more time than younger men, but they probably climb with more skill and less waste of effort, and their experience certainly equal enjoyment Mountaineering involves（）
Kite flying is the sport of sending up kites into the air, by means of the wind, a light frame covered with paper, plastic or cloth. The frame can be one of many different shapes and is attached to a long string held in the hand or wound on a drum. Kites have a long history of practical application and many different types of kites have been developed to serve various purposes.The ancient Chinese used bird-kites to carry ropes across rivers and valleys. The current folding kite which will dive excitingly is an improved type of such a kite. With its long flat body and single pair of bird-like wings, it looks just like a large bird in the air. The modern version is usually made of tissue-paper rather than the traditional silk.Man-lifting kites were developed in ancient times, again by the Chinese, for getting information from walled cities and army camps. In fact, as recently as World War Ⅱ , German U-boats flew kites from their towers to lift people into the air to watch the land. These kites, which are no longer in existence, were made of light-weight cloth. They were much larger and stronger than the Chinese ones. Their design, however, was simply that of the cutter kite. Smaller in size, this type of kite is still very popular as a toy for children, being easy to make with a diamond-shaped frame, no wings and brown-paper covering.Box-kites are another type of kite found in toy shops today. The first box-kite, named for its box-like body, was developed in the nineteenth century to test theories of flight and this type of cotton-covered kite greatly assisted the success of early aero-plane. These kites are the ancestors of a heavier version of the box-kite, which consists of two main sections, placed side by side. Developed for the peacetime purpose of fishing in strong sea wind, it is the only modern kite described which has practical value. A long-lasting plastic material has to be used for this kite, which carries fishing lines. The ancient Chinese bird-kites were usually made of light frames covered with （）
Jerry was the kind of guy you love to hate. He was always in a (36) mood and always had something positive to say.He was a manager in the restaurant industry and he (37) had several waiters who had followed him around from restaurant to restaurant. The reason the waiters liked to follow Jerry very much was because of his (38) toward life. He was a natural motivator(激励者). (39) an employee was having a bad day, Jerry was there (40) him how to look on the positive side of the situation.His style really made me (41) . So one day I (42) to Jen7 and asked him, "I don’t (43) it! You can’t be a positive person all the time. How do you do it"Jerry replied, "Every morning I wake up and say to myself, ’Jerry, you have two (44) today. You can choose to live (45) or you can choose to be in a low mood.’ I choose the former. Each time something bad happens, I choose to (46) it rather than be a victim. Each time someone comes to me complaining, I can choose to accept their complaining or I can point out the (47) side of life. I choose the latter. ""Yeah, right, it’s not that easy," I (48) ."Yes," he said. " (49) is all about choices. When you cut away all the junk, every situation is a choice. You choose how you (50) to situations. You choose how people will (51) your mood. It’s your choice (52) you live. "What Jerry said made me think a lot. Soon, I left the restaurant industry to start my own (53) . Gradually, we (54) touch, but I often thought of him when I made a choice about life (55) complaining about it. 37（）
One of the qualities that most people admire in others is the willingness to admit one’s mistakes. It is extremely hard sometimes to say a simple thing like "I was wrong about that," and it is even harder to say, "I was wrong, and you were right about that. "I had an experience recently with someone admitting to me that he had made a mistake fifteen years ago. He told me he had been the manager of a certain grocery store in the neighborhood where I grew up, and he asked me if I remembered the egg cartons. Then he related an incident and I began to remember vaguely the incident he was describing.I was about eight years old at the time, and I had gone into the store with my mother to do the weekly grocery shopping. On that particular day, I must have found my way to the dairy food department where the incident took place.There must have been a special sale on eggs that day because there was an impressive display of eggs in dozen and half-dozen cartons. The cartons were stacked three or four feet high. I must have stopped in front of a display to admire the stacks. Just then a woman came by pushing her grocery cart and knocked off the stacks of cartons. For some reason, I decided it was up to me to put the display back together, so I went to work.The manager heard the mouse and came rushing over to see what had happened. When he appeared, I was on my knees inspecting some of the cartons to see if any of the eggs were broken, but to him it looked as though I was the culprit. He severely reprimanded me and wanted me to pay for any broken eggs. I protested my innocence and tried to explain, but it did no good. Even though I quickly forgot all about the incident, apparently the manager did not. Who was to blame for knocking off the stacks of cartons（）
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