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We sometimes hear that essays are an old-fashioned form, that so-and-so is the "last essayist", but the facts of the marketplace argue quite otherwise. Essays of nearly any kind are so much easier than short stories for a writer to sell, so many more see print, it’s strange that though two fine anthologies (collections) remain that publish the year’s best stories, no comparable collection exists for essays. Such changes in the reading public’s taste aren’t always to the good, needless to say. The art of telling stories predated even cave painting, surely; and if we ever find ourselves living in caves again, it (with painting and drumming) will be the only art left, after movies, novels, photography, essays, biography, and all the rest have gone down the drain--the art to build from.Essays, however, hang somewhere on a line between two sturdy poles: this is what I think, and this is what I am. Autobiographies which aren’t novels are generally extended essays, indeed. A personal essay is like the human voice talking, its order being the mind’s natural flow, instead of a systematized outline of ideas. Though more changeable or informal than an article or treatise, somewhere it contains a point which is its real center, even if the point couldn’t be uttered in fewer words than the essayist has used. Essays don’t usually boil down to a summary, as articles do, and the style of the writer has a "nap" to it, a combination of personality and originality and energetic loose ends that stand up like the nap (绒毛) on a piece of wool and can’t be brushed flat. Essays belong to the animal kingdom, with a surface that generates sparks, like a coat of fur, compared with the flat, conventional cotton of the magazine article writer, who works in the vegetable kingdom, instead. But, essays, on the other hand, may have fewer "levels" than fiction, because we are not supposed to argue much about their meaning. In the old distinction between teaching and storytelling, the essayist, however cleverly he tries to conceal his intentions, is a bit of a teacher or reformer, and an essay is intended to convey the same point to each of us.An essayist doesn’t have to tell the whole truth and nothing but the truth, he can shape or shave his memories, as long as the purpose is served of explaining a truthful point. A personal essay frequently is not autobiographical at all, but what it does keep in common with autobiography is that, through its tone and tumbling progression, it conveys the quality of the author’s mind. Nothing gets in the way. Because essays are directly concerned with the mind and the mind’s peculiarity, the very freedom the mind possesses is conferred on this branch of literature that does honor to it, and the fascination of the mind is the fascination of the essay. The author suggests that if the Stone Age should come up again （）
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In the late 1960’s, many people in North America turned their attention to environmental problems, and new steel-and-glass skyscrapers were widely criticized. Ecologists pointing (21) that a cluster of tall buildings in a city often overburdens public transportation and parking lot (22) .Skyscrapers are also enormous (23) , and wasters, of electric power. In one recent year, the addition (24) 17 million square feet of skyscraper office space in New York City raised the (25) daily demand for electricity by 120,000 kilowatts-- enough to (26) the entire city of Albany for a day. Glass-wailed skyscraper can be especially (27) . The heat loss (or gain) through a wall of half-inch plate glass is more than ten times (28) through a typical masonry wall filled with insulation board. To lessen the strain (29) heating and air-conditioning equipment, (30) of skyscrapers have begun to use double-glazed panels of glass, and reflective glasses (31) with silver or gold mirror films that reduce (32) as well as heat gain. However, (33) skyscrapers raise the temperature of the surrounding air and (34) neighboring buildings. Skyscrapers put severe pressure on a city’s sanitation (35) , too. If fully occupied, the two World Trade Center towers in New York City would alone generate 2.25 million gallons of raw sewage each year--as (36) as a city the size of Stamford, Connecticut, which has a (37) of more than 109,000. Skyscrapers also (38) with television reception, block bird flyways, and obstruct air traffic.Still, people (39) to build skyscrapers for all the reasons that they have always built them--personal ambition and the (40) of owners to have the largest possible amount of rentable space. （21）（）
请使用VC6或使用[答题]菜单打开考生文件夹proj3下的工程文件proj3。本题创建一个小型字符串类，字符串长度不超过100。程序文件包括proj3.h、proj3.cpp、writeToFile.obj。补充完成重载赋值运算符函数，完成深复制功能。 屏幕上输出的正确结果应该是： Hello! Happy new year! 要求： 补充编制的内容写在“//**********333**********”与“//**********666**********”两行之间。不得修改程序的其他部分。 注意： 程序最后调用writeToFile函数，使用另一组不同的测试数据，将不同的运行结果输出到文件out.dat中。输出函数writeToFile已经编译为obj文件。 //proj3.h #include＜iostream＞ #include＜iomanip＞ using namespace std; class MiniString public: friend ostream &operator＜＜ ostream &output,const MiniString &s) //重载流插入运算符 output ＜＜s.sPtr; return output; friend istream &operator＞＞(istream &input,MiniString &s) //重载流提取运算符 char temp[100];//用于输入的临时数组 temp[0]=’\0’; //初始为空字符串 input＞＞setw(100)＞＞temp; int inLen=strlen(temp); //输入字符长度 if(inLen!=0) s.length=inLen; //赋长度 if(s.sPtr!=0)delete[]s.sPtr;//避免内存泄漏 s.sPtr=new char[s.length+1]; strcpy(s.sPtr,temp); //如果s不是空指针，则复制内容 else s.sPtr[0]=’\0’; //如果s是空指针，则为空字符串 return input; void modString const char *string2)//更改字符串内容 if(string2 !=0) //如果string2不是空指针，则复制内容 if (strlen(string2)!=length) length=strlen(string2); delete[]sPtr; sPtr=new char [length+1]; //分配内存 strcpy(sPtr,string2); else sPtr[0]=’\0’; //如果string2是空指针，则为空字符串 MiniString& operator=(const MiniString &otherString); MiniString(const char*s=" "):length((s!=0)strlen(s):0) //构造函数 sPtr=0; if(length!=0) setString(s); ～MiniString()//析构函数 delete[]sPtr; private: int length; //字符串长度 char*sPtr; //指向字符串起始位置 void setString ( const char *string2)//辅助函数 sPtr=new char[strlen(string2)+1]; //分配内存 if(string2 !=0)strcpy(sPtr,string2); //如果string2不是空指针，则复制内容 else sPtr[0]=’\0’; //如果string2是空指针，则为空字符串 ; //proj3.cpp #include＜iostream＞ #include＜iomanip＞ using namespace std; #include "proj 3.h" MiniString& MiniString::operator=(const MiniString &otherString) //重载赋值运算符函数。提示：可以调用辅助函数setString //*************333************* //*************666************* int main() MiniString str1("Hello!"),str2; void writeToFile(const char*); str2=str1;//使用重载的赋值运算符 str2.modString("Happy new year!"); cout＜＜str1＜＜’\n’; cout＜＜str2＜＜’\n’; writeToFile(" "); return 0;
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For all his vaunted talents, Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan has never had much of a reputation as an economic forecaster. In fact, he shies away from making the precise-to-the-decimal-point predictions that many other economists thrive on. Instead, he owes his success as a monetary policymaker to his ability to sniff out threats to the economy and manipulate interest rates to dampen the dangers he perceives. Now, those instincts are being put to the test. Many Fed watchers--and some policymakers inside the central bank itself--are beginning to wonder whether Greenspan has lost his touch. Despite rising risks to the economy from a swooning stock market and soaring oil prices that could hamper growth, the Greenspan-led Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) opted to leave interest rates unchanged on Sept. 24. But in a rare dissent, two of the Fed’s 12 policymakers broke ranks and voted for a cut in rates--Dallas Fed President Robert D. McTeer Jr. and central bank Governor Edward M. Gramlich. The move by McTeer, the Fed’s self-styled "Lonesome Dove", was no surprise. But Gramlich’s was. This was the first time that the monetary moderate had voted against the chairman since joining the Fed’s board in 1997. And it was the first public dissent by a governor since 1995. Despite the split vote, it’s too soon to count the maestro of monetary policy out. Greenspan had good reasons for not cutting interest rates now. And by acknowledging in the statement issued after the meeting that the economy does indeed face risks, Greenspan left the door wide open to a rate reduction in ’the future. Indeed, former Fed Governor Lyle Gramley thinks chances are good that the central bank might even cut rates before its next scheduled meeting on Nov. 6, the day after congressional elections. So why didn’t the traditionally risk-averse Greenspan cut rates now as insurance against the dangers dogging growth For one thing, he still thinks the economy is in recovery mode. Consumer demand remains buoyant and has even been turbocharged recently by a new wave of mortgage refinancing. Economists reckon that homeowners will extract some ＄100 billion in cash from their houses in the second half of this year. And despite all the corporate gloom, business spending has shown signs of picking up, though not anywhere near as strongly as the Fed would like. Does that mean that further rate cuts are off the table Hardly. Watch for Greenspan to try to time any rate reductions to when they’ll have the most psychological pop on business and investor confidence. That’s surely no easy feat, but it’s one that Greenspan has shown himself capable of more than once in the past. Don’t be surprised if he surprises everyone again. It can be inferred from the passage that ______.
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