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[说明] 某大型信息系统工程项目(A项目)由P公司(乙方)承建，工程双方签定的合同规定工期为8个月。合同签定后P公司严格按照软件工程方法进行项目的需求调研(细化)、设计、编码、测试，并于工程正式开工前制订了详细的工程实施计划。但工程的建设单位A单位(甲方)由于欲在本年度评先进单位，想以信息工程项目建设的成果作为评选先进的筹码。于是在合同签定后20天内，甲向乙方提出赶工期的要求，要求将总工期由8个月压缩到6个月，同时砍掉合同中确定的部分功能点，增加部分功能点。A单位在过去三年中与P公司签定过两个大合同，P公司一向视A单位为公司的大客户，是公司主要的业务来源，因此P公司总经理认为不能轻易得罪A单位。P公司同意了甲方压缩工期、变更部分需求范围的要求。由于工期的压缩，乙方感到工期很紧张，于是，在没有全面完成高层设计工作的情况下，就匆忙开展详细设计工作，详细设计工作也没有基本成型的前提下，编码人员就开始了编码，即P公司实施工程项目的方案为：概要设计、详细设计、编码、单元测试并行进行。而且，由于工期的压缩，乙方软件工程师吃紧，不得不临时从社会招聘4位软件工程师补充项目组。可即使乙方的人员加班加点地工作，问题还是出现了，由于临时变更部分需求范围，导致原先制定的系统建设方案被迫打破，而临时的变更又未进行深入的分析，导致在项目实施的过程中，频繁地出现需求变更，导致设计变更、编码变更，重复性工作和返工工程量陡然增大。由于工期紧张，系统开发完成后，未经过充分的测试就匆忙投入运行，在系统投入运行的过程中，系统中隐藏的缺陷暴露出来，使甲方遭受了较大的经济损失。甲方在公司内部的先进没有评上，还给公司造成重大的经济损失，于是，甲方认为损失都是由工程乙方项目管理不善所造成的，遂将乙方告上了法庭，要求乙方赔偿经济损失。 请以300字内回答，引起A项目变更的主要因素是什么A项目涉及了几种变更类型变更是否合理除了需求变更引起设计变更以外，还有哪些情况会引起设计变更设计变更将导致什么不良后果怎样避免设计变更
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[说明] 某电子政务项目涉及到保密信息。项目建设的资源尤其是人力资源必须从甲方单位内部获得，因为如果把项目的部分任务交给分包商，一方面要征得甲方的同意，一方面要求分包商具有相应的保密资质，而保密资质的审核需要很长时间，等待审核结果也需要一段时间，这将严重危及到项目的交付日期。当项目团队内的工程师完成90%的编程和测试任务时，项目承建单位的一名副总裁承揽了一个新项目，他把程序员、测试工程师从该项目上调走，去执行他新承揽的项目。 请简要说明发生上述情况的可能原因。
Passage Two Can animals be made to work for us Some scientists think that one day animals may be trained to do a number of simple jobs that are now done by human beings. They point out that at a circus, for example, we may see elephants, monkeys, dogs and other animals doing quite skillful things. Perhaps you have seen them on the television or in a film. If you watch closely, you may notice that the trainer always gives the animal a piece of candy or a piece of fruit as a reward. The scientists say that many different animals may be trained to do a number of simple jobs if they know they will get a reward for doing them. Of course, as we know, dogs can be used to guard a house, and soldiers in both old and modem times have used geese to give warning by making a lot of noise when a stranger or an enemy comes near. But it may be possible to train animals to work in factories. In Russia, for example, pigeons which are birds with good eyesight, are being used to watch out for faults in small steel balls that are being made in one factory. When the pigeon sees a ball which looks different from others, it touches a steel plate with its beak. This turns on a light to warn people in the factory. At the same time a few seeds are given as a reward. It takes three to five weeks to train a pigeon to do this and one pigeon can inspect 3 000 to 4 000 balls an hour. Apes have been used in America in helping to make cars, and scientists believe that these large monkeys may be one day gather crops and even drive trains. Which of the following is not true（）
Passage Five First, the spotted owl was threatened by logging in the Pacific Northwest. Now it’s in danger from a new enemy, the barred owl. Barred owls have been moving to the Northwest from the eastern part of the United States. Stan Sovem has studied spotted owls. Now when he calls for spotted owls, barred owls are starting to appear. Sovem threw a mouse on the ground, and a barred owl grabbed it. Scientists have learned that spotted owls start to vanish when barred owls come. Some barred and spotted owls have mated and produced hybrid babies. One spotted owl was killed by a barred owl. Professor Ned K. Brown of the University of California-Berkeley says, "In some areas of Washington, the barred owls moved into very dense, deep woods. The same kind of woods that are opened up, or destroyed by logging, that adversely influences the spotted owls." Ten years have passed since the federal government began protecting the spotted owl. Loggers were forced to limit logging on seven million acres of government land. No one is sure how the arrival of the barred owls will impact laws that protect spotted laws. The barred owls like to live in the deep forests where loggers like to cut down trees. The barred owls will likely keep migrating to the Northwest. Logging was greatly reduced（）
Passage Five First, the spotted owl was threatened by logging in the Pacific Northwest. Now it’s in danger from a new enemy, the barred owl. Barred owls have been moving to the Northwest from the eastern part of the United States. Stan Sovem has studied spotted owls. Now when he calls for spotted owls, barred owls are starting to appear. Sovem threw a mouse on the ground, and a barred owl grabbed it. Scientists have learned that spotted owls start to vanish when barred owls come. Some barred and spotted owls have mated and produced hybrid babies. One spotted owl was killed by a barred owl. Professor Ned K. Brown of the University of California-Berkeley says, "In some areas of Washington, the barred owls moved into very dense, deep woods. The same kind of woods that are opened up, or destroyed by logging, that adversely influences the spotted owls." Ten years have passed since the federal government began protecting the spotted owl. Loggers were forced to limit logging on seven million acres of government land. No one is sure how the arrival of the barred owls will impact laws that protect spotted laws. The barred owls like to live in the deep forests where loggers like to cut down trees. The barred owls will likely keep migrating to the Northwest. Scientists learned about the barred owl migration by______.
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