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The Scarlet Letter by Hawthorne is mainly concerned with ______.
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Recent legal research indicates that incorrect identification is a major factor in many miscarriages (失败) of justice. It also suggests that identification of people by witnesses in a courtroom is not as (1) as commonly believed. Recent studies do not support the (2) of faith judges, jurors, lawyers and the police have in eyewitness evidence. The Law Commission recently published an educational paper, "Total Recall— The Reliability of Witness (3) ", as a companion guide to a proposed code of evidence. The paper finds that commonly held (4) about how our minds work and how well we remember are often wrong. But while human memory is (5) to change, it should not be underestimated. In court witnesses are asked to give evidence about events, and judges and juries (6) its reliability. The paper points out that memory is complex, and the reliability of any person’s recall must be assessed (7) . Both common sense and research say memory (8) over time. The accuracy of recall and recognition are (9) their best immediately (10) encoding the information, declining at first rapidly, then gradually. The longer the delay, the more likely it is that information obtained after the event will interfere (11) the original memory, which reduces (12) . The paper says (13) interviews or media reports can create such (14) . "People are particularly susceptible to having their memories (15) when the passage of time allows the original memory to (16) , and will be most susceptible if they repeat the (17) as fact." Witnesses may see or read information after the event, then (18) it to produce something (19) than what was experienced, significantly reducing the reliability of their memory of an event or offender, "Further, witnesses may strongly believe in their memories, even though aspects of those memories are (20) false.\
Recent legal research indicates that incorrect identification is a major factor in many miscarriages (失败) of justice. It also suggests that identification of people by witnesses in a courtroom is not as (1) as commonly believed. Recent studies do not support the (2) of faith judges, jurors, lawyers and the police have in eyewitness evidence. The Law Commission recently published an educational paper, "Total Recall— The Reliability of Witness (3) ", as a companion guide to a proposed code of evidence. The paper finds that commonly held (4) about how our minds work and how well we remember are often wrong. But while human memory is (5) to change, it should not be underestimated. In court witnesses are asked to give evidence about events, and judges and juries (6) its reliability. The paper points out that memory is complex, and the reliability of any person’s recall must be assessed (7) . Both common sense and research say memory (8) over time. The accuracy of recall and recognition are (9) their best immediately (10) encoding the information, declining at first rapidly, then gradually. The longer the delay, the more likely it is that information obtained after the event will interfere (11) the original memory, which reduces (12) . The paper says (13) interviews or media reports can create such (14) . "People are particularly susceptible to having their memories (15) when the passage of time allows the original memory to (16) , and will be most susceptible if they repeat the (17) as fact." Witnesses may see or read information after the event, then (18) it to produce something (19) than what was experienced, significantly reducing the reliability of their memory of an event or offender, "Further, witnesses may strongly believe in their memories, even though aspects of those memories are (20) false.\
We hear it a lot the news these days: "Recycle newspapers and save a tree. Collect bottles and cans so they can be reused in the manufacturing of new products. " Protecting our delicate environment seems to be on the agenda of politicians, government leaders, and citizens in many parts of the world to show support for mother nature. The concept of green consumerism has gained momentum more and more over the last decade, and the public feels moved to pitch in and help. However, three essential keys needed to power this movement include a more informed public, the development of improved technology, and a greater demand for recycled materials. Let’s use paper as an example. The first step is to raise public awareness about the recycling process, explain the kinds of materials that can be recycled, and provide ways on how to properly dispose of them. Local governments should educate the public on how to properly sort reusable materials from those, like waxed paper, carbon paper, plastic laminated material such as fast food wrappers, that can’t be recycled very easily. Then, a system of collecting these sorted materials needs to be established. Public interest might be there, but may soon wane if recycling centers located in convenient locations are not available. Sometimes we become complacent when it comes to recycling, but when you speak in terms of actually facts and figures that everyone can understand, people become more cognizant of the problem. I remember reading one time that the energy saved from one recycled can provide enough power to operate a television set for three hours. Give the public information they can grasp in real terms, and then you will increase your chances of gaining followers. Second, technological progress has been made on many fronts, but governmental agencies need to step up their support for companies involved in recycling by providing tax incentives, low - cost loans, or even grants to upgrade equipment and to encourage further research. One breakthrough has been the development of a new manufacturing process that uses enzymes to help remove ink from paper in more energy efficient and environmentally safe methods. Recycling paper materials can be expensive in both monetary and environmental terms. The difficulty in removing print from paper, the amount of energy expended during the process, and caustic waste that is sometimes produced are costs that companies incur that are then passed onto the consumer. The final key is to increase demand for the growing surplus of resources waiting to be recycled. This problem has appeared in various regions of the world where the technology to process the used materials lags far behind the amount being collected for recycling. There may be a great outpouring of support; yet the great stumbling block to implementing the second stage of this plan could be thwarted by the corporate sector’s inability to find commercial enterprises interested in using recycled goods especially when the cost of exceeds those of virgin materials. Recycling is a crucial link protecting our planet. The three keys mentioned are important to achieving this end. According to the article, paper materials that are difficult to recycle include ______.
In the US, poll after poll has shown a majority in favour of animal experimentation, even without statements about its value. Why is opinion in Britain so different I think that there are two reasons. The first is the success of antivivisection campaigners in lampooning animal research as outdated, intentionally cruel, "bad" science, which achieves nothing. All drugs and procedures developed with the help of animal tests are said to be dangerous. The occasional failure of animal testing to identify a dangerous drug is developed as an argument for abandoning safety tests involving animals altogether--with no mention of the terrible human suffering that this would cause. They say that "alternative" methods already exist for all animal experiments, but the fact is that the law specifically forbids animal use if there is any alternative. The second reason is that scientists and doctors have failed to oppose such misrepresentation. In the early 1990s, animal rights campaigning in the US was met with much more forthright defense, not only by the major scientific societies, funding agencies and medical organizations, but also by the US government. To be positive, there are many encouraging features of the New Scientist poll. Interestingly, the public seems to employ the same kind of utilitarian philosophy that underpins the law in Britain--weighing potential benefits against the species involved (thus, monkeys are more "valuable" than mice) and the likelihood of suffering. Clearly, people in Britain do not recognize the essential link between animal research and testing and the medical treatments that they receive. Only 18 percent of those who had taken (or had a close family member who had taken) a drug prescribed for a serious illness realized that the drug had been tested on animals, as all drugs are. Obviously, a large majority of those surveyed believe that they can happily benefit from medical treatment without taking advantage of animal research. No wonder so many people oppose it when asked the straight yes/no question. The views of the public must be respected. But this poll tells us that, while they are open to persuasion, their reaction is based on misunderstanding. The responsibility for providing honest evidence for the public lies not just with those who use animals in their research, but with other scientists who depend on that work. It lies with the doctors who benefit from animal research, with the pharmaceuticals and biotech industries, and the medical charities and funding agencies whose work would be crippled without it. But most of all, responsibility rests with government, which should cultivate serious and transparent debate between those of different opinion, and provide the public--especially young people--with the honest evidence they need and deserve. The passage is mainly concerned with ______.
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