HSQC detects correlations of two nuclei separated by one bond, while HMBC detects correlations of two nuclei over longer ranges of about 2-4 bonds.
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Both 13C-1H HSQC and HMBC are heteronuclear correlation spectroscopy between proton and carbon
COSY determines signals arising from protons that are close to each other in space even if they are not bonded.
红外光谱图中,不同化合物中相同基团的特征频率峰总是在特定波长范围内出现,故可以红外光谱图中的特征频率峰来确定化合物中该基团的存在。