Directions: In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks with the exact words you have just heard. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written.One of the most common images of advanced Western-style culture is that of a busy traffic-filled city. Since their first 1 on American roadways, automobiles have become a 2 of progress, a source of thousands of jobs and almost an inalienable right for citizens’ personal freedom of movement. In recent 3 , our love affair with the car is being 4 directly to the developing world and it is increasingly 5 that this transfer is leading to disaster. America’s almost complete dependence on automobiles has been a terrible mistake. As late as the 1950s, a large 6 of the American public used mass transit. A 7 of public policy decisions and corporate scheming saw to it that countless 8 and efficient urban streetcar and intra-city rail systems were dismantled. Our air quality now suffers from the effects of pollutants emitted directly from our cars. Our lives have been planned along a road grid-homes far from work, shopping far from everything, with ugly stretches of concrete and blacktop in between. Developing countries are copying Western-style transportation systems down to the last detail. The problems caused by motorized 9 in the West are often magnified in developing nations. Pollution-control measures are either not strict or non-existent, leading to choking clouds of smog. Gasoline still contains lead, which is extremely poisonous to humans. Movement in some cities comes to a virtual standstill as motorized traffic competes with bicycles and pedestrians. 10 pollution and traffic jams, auto safety is a critical issue in developing nations.