题目内容
最新统计数字显示，截至2000年底，全国党员总数已达6451万名，占全国人口总数的5.2%；女党员1119万名，占党员总数的17.4%；少数民族党员401.1万名，占党员总数的6.2%。 党员队伍结构不断改善，分布状况更趋合理。目前全国35岁以下的党员有1439.1万名，占党员总数的22.3%。党员队伍中具有高中以上学历的3237.4万名，占党员总数的50.2%。其中，大学本、专科学历1319.3万名，占20.5%；研究生学历41.1万名，占0.6%。 2000年底，党员队伍中有工人、农牧渔民3166万名，占党员总数的49.1%；各类专业技术人员776.3万名；机关干部592.3万名；事业、企业单位管理人员618.2万名。 据介绍，近年来，全国发展党员数量保持均衡，1990年至2000年，全国共发展党员2175.9万名，平均每年发展党员197.8万名；新党员的构成分布明显改善，去年全国发展的党员中，35岁以下青年占73.95%，生产、工作一线的党员约占50%；同时女党员在党员队伍中所占比例明显增长，1995年全国发展女党员数占新党员总数的20.9%，2000年达到26.7%。入党积极分子队伍不断壮大，到2000年底，全国共有入党申请人1395.4万名，入党积极分子764.6万名，分别比10年前增加了315.2万名和211.6万名。 2000年底事业、企业单位管理人员中的党员人数占全国党员总数的比例约为( )。
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[A] As a science, management entails the use of organized knowledge. Many of the things managers do are a result of information obtained through formal research and study. One area in which a great deal has been done is quantitative decision making or, as it is known today, management science. We know that by using certain mathematical formulas we can control inventory and project demand more accurately than by merely using trial and error.[B] Management is the process of getting things done through people. We know that part of this process is carried out with the development of an organization structure.[C] Yet management is also an art. Through experience the manager develops judgment and intuition, subjective factors that are useful in evaluation situations. For example, the manager may have to choose between two strategies, A and B. All research and study may indicate that neither of the two is any better than the other.[D] Effective management is a combination of art and science. Neither should be ignored; neither ought to be relied on exclusively. In getting things done through people, management must seek the right blend of art and science. At the upper levels of the hierarchy there will be more emphasis on the former; at the lower levels there will be more emphasis on the latter.[E] How do managers succeed in getting things done through people In order to answer this question it is necessary to break down the manager’s job into its basic duties or functions. Management entails planning, organizing, directing, and controlling. By performing well in each of these areas the manager can get things done through people.[F] However, what if the manager chooses strategy A on the basis of intuition and proves to be right In this case it is difficult to say precisely why the manager was able to choose so well, but there must be some special ability he or she has. This same type of ability is useful in managing people. Effective managers know when to flatter their subordinates and when to be stern. Such human behavior skills cannot be quantified; they can only be learned through experience and training.[G] However, there is more to management than just organizing the people and the work. Objectives must be set, plans formulated, people directed, and operations controlled. In making the necessary decisions, management must rely on all the skills at its command. As a result, management is both a science and an art. 42
Questions l to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions. Now listen to the news. What does Mrs. Bruce think about politics
If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems. Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view. Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different. If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses. Here is an example, which I heard at a nurse’s convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St. Peter. He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on. Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch; the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself. "Who is that" the new arrival asked St. Peter. "Oh, that’s God,," came the reply, "but sometimes he thinks he’s a doctor." If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it’ll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman’s notorious bad taste in ties. With other audiences you mustn’t attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman. You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system. If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more natural. Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner. Often it’s the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark. Look for the humor. It often comes from the unexpected. It’s a twist on a familiar quote "If at first you don’t succeed, give up" or a play on words or on a situation. Search for exaggeration and understatements: Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor. Which of the following might work as humor according to the author
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