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People around the globe hit the height of their misery and depression in (51) age, a new international study suggests.The finding by British and American researchers was based on an analysis of well-being among approximately 2 million people in 80 nations. With few exceptions, the observation appears to apply across the board, regardless (52) gender, culture, geography, wealth, job history, education, and marriage or parental status."The scientific fact seems to be that happiness and positive mental health follow a giant ’U’ (53) through life, " said study author Andrew J. Oswald, a professor of economics at Warwick University in Warwickshire, England. "For the average person, it’s high when you’re 20, and then it slowly falls and bottoms out (54) your 40s. But the good news is that your (55) health picks up again, and eventually gets back to the high levels of our youth. "The finding was (56) on the pooling of several different sources of happiness data, including: two multi-decade happiness/satisfaction surveys (first launched in the 1970s), involving about 500,000 American and Western European men and women; four rounds of the 80-nation "World Values Survey" (57) between 1981 and 2004 in North America, Eastern and Western Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and Central and South America; and a 2004—2007 survey (58) nearly 1 million Britons.The bottom-line: For most people throughout the world, the highest probability for depression striking is around 44 years of (59) .In the United States, however, some as-yet unexplained (60) differences were observed, with happiness among men dipping the most in their early 50s, whereas women hit their Nadir around the age of 40.The researchers cautioned that cheerful people tend to live longer than unhappy (61) —a fact that might have skewed the overall finding. But they also suggested that evidence of a happiness (62) might simply reflect a midlife choice to give up long-held but no longer tenable aspirations, followed by a senior’s sense of gratitude for having successfully endured (63) others did not."That said, some might find it helpful simply to understand the general (64) of mental health as they go through their own life," said Oswald. "It might be useful for people to realize that if they are (65) in their 40s, this is normal, it is not exceptional. And just knowing this might help. " 56.（）
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ZYBAN is a prescription (处方) medicine to help people quit smoking. Studies have shown that more than one third of people quit smoking for at least one month while taking ZYBAN. For many patients, ZYBAN reduces withdrawal symptoms (脱瘾过程中产生的症状) and the strong wish to smoke. 2 ZYBAN should be taken as directed by your doctor. The usual recommended dosing(剂量) is to take one 150-mg tablet in the morning for the first 3 days. On the fourth day, begin taking one 150-mg tablet in the morning and one 150-mg tablet in the early evening. Doses should be taken at least 8 hours apart. 3. For most patients, treatment will last 7 to 12 weeks. Because results vary, it may take longer for some people, Possibly up to 6 months depending on the individual. If you've been smoking for a long time, ZYBAN will help to reduce withdrawal symptoms. It's important to remain on ZYBAN for at least 7 to 12 weeks in order to quit for good. Your doctor should determine when to stop taking ZYBAN 4. It takes about 1 week for ZYBAN to reach the right levels in your body to be effective So, to increase your chance of quitting as much as possible, you should not stop smoking until you have been taking ZYBAN for 1 week. You should set a date to stop smoking during the second week you're taking ZYBAN. 5. The side effects (副作用) associated with ZYBAN are generally mild and often disappear after a few weeks. The most common side effects are dry mouth and difficulty in sleeping. If you have difficulty sleeping, avoid taking your medicine too close to bedtime For the first 3 days, ZYBAN should be taken（）
People around the globe hit the height of their misery and depression in (51) age, a new international study suggests.The finding by British and American researchers was based on an analysis of well-being among approximately 2 million people in 80 nations. With few exceptions, the observation appears to apply across the board, regardless (52) gender, culture, geography, wealth, job history, education, and marriage or parental status."The scientific fact seems to be that happiness and positive mental health follow a giant ’U’ (53) through life, " said study author Andrew J. Oswald, a professor of economics at Warwick University in Warwickshire, England. "For the average person, it’s high when you’re 20, and then it slowly falls and bottoms out (54) your 40s. But the good news is that your (55) health picks up again, and eventually gets back to the high levels of our youth. "The finding was (56) on the pooling of several different sources of happiness data, including: two multi-decade happiness/satisfaction surveys (first launched in the 1970s), involving about 500,000 American and Western European men and women; four rounds of the 80-nation "World Values Survey" (57) between 1981 and 2004 in North America, Eastern and Western Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and Central and South America; and a 2004—2007 survey (58) nearly 1 million Britons.The bottom-line: For most people throughout the world, the highest probability for depression striking is around 44 years of (59) .In the United States, however, some as-yet unexplained (60) differences were observed, with happiness among men dipping the most in their early 50s, whereas women hit their Nadir around the age of 40.The researchers cautioned that cheerful people tend to live longer than unhappy (61) —a fact that might have skewed the overall finding. But they also suggested that evidence of a happiness (62) might simply reflect a midlife choice to give up long-held but no longer tenable aspirations, followed by a senior’s sense of gratitude for having successfully endured (63) others did not."That said, some might find it helpful simply to understand the general (64) of mental health as they go through their own life," said Oswald. "It might be useful for people to realize that if they are (65) in their 40s, this is normal, it is not exceptional. And just knowing this might help. " 53.（）
Some people can quite accurately time the end of their night’s sleep at will, without using an alarm clock, demonstrating that it is possible to voluntarily control a state of consciousness that is characterized by a loss of volition and attentional guidance. Here we show that the expectation that sleep will come to an end at a certain time induces a marked increase in the concentration of the hormone adrenocorticotriopin(促肾上腺皮质激素) in the blood one hour before waking. The regulation of adrenocorticotropin release during nocturnal sleep is therefore not confined to daily rhythms; (46) (47) Normally, the release of adrenocorticotropin and cortisol(皮质醇)increases during late stages of sleeping, reaching a daily maximum at the time of spontaneous waking. Adrenocorticotropin and cortisol are also released from the pituitary-adrenal system in a major adaptive response to stress, and are secreted in anticipation of stressful events. We investigated whether the increase in the secretion of pituitary-adrenal hormones during the late stages of sleeping in part reflects anticipation of the ’stress’ of the waking phase. (48) We made recordings of electroencephalogram, electrooculogram and electromyogram throughout the night, and took blood samples every 15 minutes to determine plasma concentrations of adrenocorticortropin and cortisol. Lights were turned off at midnight, after subjects had been told they would be woken at either 6:00 (’short sleep’, on one night) or 9:00(’long sleep’, on the other two nights). On one of the long-sleep nights they were woken at 9:00 as they expected, but on the other night they were instead woken at 6:00 (’surprise’)under the pretence of a technical problem. (49) We interviewed the volunteers at the end of the experiments, and found that all but one of the subjects had expected to be woken up at the specified time. The order of the three experimental nights was balanced across subjects, with five subjects starting with short sleep, five with long sleep, and five with the surprise condition. The increase in adrenocorticotropin release before the expected time of waking indicates that anticipation, which is generally considered to be a unique characteristic of the regulation of conscious action, pervades sleep (50) The regulation of adrenocorticotropin release points to a mechanism that quickly adjusts endocrine activity to sharp changes in the duration.A. The regulation of sleep termination has been thought to embedded in a daily rhythm controlling in paralleling the release of pituitary and adrenal hormones.B. Fifteen healthy volunteers with regular sleep-wake rhythms were studied during three nights. C. It also reflects a preparatory process in anticipation of the end of sleepD. After being woken, subjects stayed in bed for another three hoursE. The anticipatory adrenocorticotropin increase may also facilitate spontaneous wakingF. About 10 million Americans consult doctors sleep problems each year 47.（）
Some people can quite accurately time the end of their night’s sleep at will, without using an alarm clock, demonstrating that it is possible to voluntarily control a state of consciousness that is characterized by a loss of volition and attentional guidance. Here we show that the expectation that sleep will come to an end at a certain time induces a marked increase in the concentration of the hormone adrenocorticotriopin(促肾上腺皮质激素) in the blood one hour before waking. The regulation of adrenocorticotropin release during nocturnal sleep is therefore not confined to daily rhythms; (46) (47) Normally, the release of adrenocorticotropin and cortisol(皮质醇)increases during late stages of sleeping, reaching a daily maximum at the time of spontaneous waking. Adrenocorticotropin and cortisol are also released from the pituitary-adrenal system in a major adaptive response to stress, and are secreted in anticipation of stressful events. We investigated whether the increase in the secretion of pituitary-adrenal hormones during the late stages of sleeping in part reflects anticipation of the ’stress’ of the waking phase. (48) We made recordings of electroencephalogram, electrooculogram and electromyogram throughout the night, and took blood samples every 15 minutes to determine plasma concentrations of adrenocorticortropin and cortisol. Lights were turned off at midnight, after subjects had been told they would be woken at either 6:00 (’short sleep’, on one night) or 9:00(’long sleep’, on the other two nights). On one of the long-sleep nights they were woken at 9:00 as they expected, but on the other night they were instead woken at 6:00 (’surprise’)under the pretence of a technical problem. (49) We interviewed the volunteers at the end of the experiments, and found that all but one of the subjects had expected to be woken up at the specified time. The order of the three experimental nights was balanced across subjects, with five subjects starting with short sleep, five with long sleep, and five with the surprise condition. The increase in adrenocorticotropin release before the expected time of waking indicates that anticipation, which is generally considered to be a unique characteristic of the regulation of conscious action, pervades sleep (50) The regulation of adrenocorticotropin release points to a mechanism that quickly adjusts endocrine activity to sharp changes in the duration.A. The regulation of sleep termination has been thought to embedded in a daily rhythm controlling in paralleling the release of pituitary and adrenal hormones.B. Fifteen healthy volunteers with regular sleep-wake rhythms were studied during three nights. C. It also reflects a preparatory process in anticipation of the end of sleepD. After being woken, subjects stayed in bed for another three hoursE. The anticipatory adrenocorticotropin increase may also facilitate spontaneous wakingF. About 10 million Americans consult doctors sleep problems each year 48.（）
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