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It is not easy to talk about the role of the mass media in this overwhelmingly significant phase in European history. History and news become (35) , and one’s impressions tend to be a mixture of skepticism and (36) . Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and (37) -and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the (38) events in Europe. The Europe that is now forming cannot be anything other than its peoples, their cultures and national (39) . With this in mind we can begin to (40) the European television scene. In Europe, as elsewhere multi-media groups have been (41) successful groups which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in (42) to one another.Clearly, (43) .This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50% took a loss in 1989. Moreover, (44) .Creating a "European identity" that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice-that of producing programs in Europe for Europe. (45) which are different from our own. 39（）
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As colleges and universities send another wave of graduates out into the world this spring, thousands of other job seekers with liberal-arts degrees like Martin’s find themselves in a similarly difficult situation. True enough, this is an era of record-breaking lows in unemployment. But technology companies, which are contributing the lion’s share (最多的部分) of new jobs, are simultaneously declaring a shortage of qualified workers.It’s no surprise that high-tech companies rarely hire liberal-arts graduates. The need for technical expertise is so universal that even retailers are demanding such skills. "Company-wide, we’re looking for students with specific information-systems skills", says David McDearmon, director of field human resources at Dollar Tree Stores. "Typically we avoid independent-college students who don’t have them".Fortunately for Martin, some invaluable help was at hand when he needed it. The Virginia Foundation for Independent Colleges, a network of 15 liberal-arts colleges in the state, has teamed up with local companies to bridge the learning gap faced by its members’ graduates. VFIC invited 30 companies to link the needs of businesses with the skills being taught in college classrooms. With grants from corporate sponsors VFIC asked 20 information-technology managers to help its members create an exam, based on the work students will be expected to do in the real world, to test and certify their technological proficiency.The result, Tek. Xam, is an eight-part test that requires students to design a website, build and analyze spreadsheets (电子数据表), research problems on the Internet and demonstrate understanding of legal and ethical issues. Says Linda Dalch, president of VFIC: "If an art-history major wants a job at a bank, he needs to prove he has the skills. That’s where this certificate can help". This year 245 students at VFIC’s member colleges have gone through the program. The long-term hope is that Tek. Xam will win the same kind of acceptance as the LSAT or CPA for law or accounting students. "To know a student has taken the initiative and passed could mean that less training is needed", explains John Rudin, chief information officer at Reynolds Metals, one of the corporations that helped create the test.All this begs an important question: Has the traditional liberal-arts curriculum become outdated College presidents naturally argue that the skills their schools provide are invaluable. A B.A. degree, says Mary Brown Bullock of Atlanta’s Agnes Scott Collage, "gives graduates the ability to reinvent themselves time and time again ... and the knowledge and thinking skills that transcend a particular discipline or time frame".Martin is finding that to be the truth. "It would be nice to have computer classes on my transcript (成绩单)", he says, but Tek. Xam has armed him with the power to learn those skills on his own — and a certificate to show he has done so. He’s now waiting to hear when his job as a network-support assistant for a large Boston firm will start. What is the author’s attitude towards Tek Xam（）
It is not easy to talk about the role of the mass media in this overwhelmingly significant phase in European history. History and news become (35) , and one’s impressions tend to be a mixture of skepticism and (36) . Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and (37) -and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the (38) events in Europe. The Europe that is now forming cannot be anything other than its peoples, their cultures and national (39) . With this in mind we can begin to (40) the European television scene. In Europe, as elsewhere multi-media groups have been (41) successful groups which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in (42) to one another.Clearly, (43) .This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50% took a loss in 1989. Moreover, (44) .Creating a "European identity" that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice-that of producing programs in Europe for Europe. (45) which are different from our own. 40（）
It is not easy to talk about the role of the mass media in this overwhelmingly significant phase in European history. History and news become (35) , and one’s impressions tend to be a mixture of skepticism and (36) . Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and (37) -and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the (38) events in Europe. The Europe that is now forming cannot be anything other than its peoples, their cultures and national (39) . With this in mind we can begin to (40) the European television scene. In Europe, as elsewhere multi-media groups have been (41) successful groups which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in (42) to one another.Clearly, (43) .This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50% took a loss in 1989. Moreover, (44) .Creating a "European identity" that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice-that of producing programs in Europe for Europe. (45) which are different from our own. 38（）
As civil wars erupted throughout the Roman Republic in the 1st century B. C., country dwellers may have fled to cities. Before they left, some people buried their valuables to hide them from armies. Now social scientists have studied these coin stores to answer a long-standing Roman mystery.Historians have long debated Rome’s population size during the 1st century B.C. Starting in 28 B. C., censuses (人口普查) conducted under tile first Roman emperor showed the population at about 5 million--a 10-fold increase over that of the Roman Republic a century earlier. About a third of this jump can be explained by the extension of citizenship to Roman allies across Italy. But where did the rest of the people come from Some historians say the answer is simply population explosion. Others argue that the empire included women and children in its census, whereas the republic only counted adult males.To settle the debate, social scientist Peter Turchin and his colleague Walter Scheidel turned to coin stores. Amateur antiquities hunters armed with metal detectors have found hundreds of clay pots filled with silver coins, called denarii (古罗马便士), throughout Italy dating back to the Roman Empire. Turchin says these buried treasures can be used as a signal for times of social instability. People would hide their money during dangerous times, and if they were killed or displaced by war, they never took their treasure.Turchin and Scheidel combined numbers of coin stores from 250 B.C. to 100 B.C. with data from the Roman Republic censuses to check the relationship between them. For example, population dropped during the Second Punic War (布匿战争), and that coincides with a jump in coin stores dated to that time. Then, from data on coins stored from 100 B.C. to 50 C. E., the researchers inferred population during that era. The range predicted by the coin store model is about half that of the high estimate, indicating that civil wars reduced about 100 000 people, the researchers report online today. "We know this period was extremely violent with internal warfare across Italy," says Turchin. In all. the findings strengthen the hypothesis that the Augustan censuses were not confined to adult men."This paper has the great virtue of pushing the debate back toward actual evidence," says historian Ian Morris of Stanford University. But historian J. Geoffrey Kron of the University of Victoria in Canada, a proponent of the population explosion hypothesis, believes that it’s a stretch to connect increased coin storing with more deaths and that some people may have hid money from political opponents. He points out that one of the 1st century B.C. coin-store peaks coincides with a civil war that didn’t cause high casualties. "Increased coin stores only represent evidence of fears of violence," Kron says. "These fears may or may not have been justified by actual events.\ In 28 B. C. the jump of Roman’s population partly can attribute to（）
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