Americans today don’’ t place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athletes, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars. Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education―not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive anti- intellectualism in our schools aren’’t difficult to find. "Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual," says education writer Diane Ravitch. "Schools could be a counterbalance." Ravitch ’’ s latest book, Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits. But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy. Continuing along this path, says writer Earl Shorris, "We will become a second-rate country. We will have a less civil society." "Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege," writes historian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-Intellectualism in American Life, a Pulitzer-Prize winning book on the roots of anti- intellectualism in US politics, religion, and education. From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism. Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book. Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children: "We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for I0 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing." Mark Twain’’ s Huckleberry Finn exemplified American anti-intellectualism. Its hero avoids being civilized― going to school and learning to read―so he can preserve his innate goodness. Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence, a quality we reluctantly admire. Intellect is the critical, creative, and contemplative side of the mind. Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, re-order, and adjust, while intellect examines, ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes, and imagines. School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted. Hofstadter says our country’’ s educational system is in the grips of people who "joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise." What does the author think of intellect
A. It is second to intelligence.
B. It evolves from common sense.
C. It is to be pursued.
D. It underlies power.
某医学院曾收治三例分别在院外接受过试验性肝穿刺引起急性腹膜炎的患者。术中医生在抽出脓液5~10m1后,即拔除穿刺针,术后未做常规处理,2小时后呈急腹症症状。结果二例治愈,一例死亡。对试验性肝穿刺的下列说法中错误的是
A. 只要动机是好的,虽然是事故,它也有一定的正价值
B. 不论穿刺动机如何,只要造成事故,它的价值就是负价值
C. 肝穿刺应该由有训练的医生进行,一定要避免盲目性和危险性
D. 医学研究的试验设计必须科学、严密
E. 试验前必须经有关专家审定是否符合科学要求
[听力原文]11-15You might wonder where the largest library in the world is. Now, I can tell you the answer, it’s in Washington D. C.. It’s called the Library of Congress. President John Adams started the library in 1800 for members of Congress. He wanted them to be able to read books about law. The first 740 books were bought in England. They were simply stored in the room where Congress met. Then Thomas Jefferson sold Congress many of his own books. He felt Congress should read books on all subjects, not just on law. This idea changed the library for good. Now the library contains 20 million books as well as scores of pictures, movies, globes and machines. Experts in every field work there. Hundreds of people visit every day with all kinds of questions. Many of them get answers right over the phone. When did President John Adams start the library?He started the library in()