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Passage TwoQuestions 20 to 32 are based on the passage you have just heard.
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Passage oneQuestions 52 to 56 are based on the following passage. It’s a brand new world—a world built around brands. Hard-charging, noise-making, culture-shaping brands are everywhere. They’re on supermarket shelves, of course, but also in business plans for network company startups and in the names of sports complexes. Brands are infiltrating (渗透) people’s everyday lives—by sticking their logos on clothes, in concert programs, on subway station walls, even in elementary school classrooms. We live in an age in which CBS newscasters wear Nike jackets on the air, in which Burger King and McDonald’s open kiosks (小亭) in elementary school lunchrooms. But as brands reach (and then overreach) into every aspect of our lives, the companies behind them invite more questions, deeper scrutiny—and an inevitable backlash by consumers. "Our intellectual lives and our public spaces are being taken over by marketing and that has real implications for citizenship," says author and activist Naomi Klien. "It’s important for any healthy culture to have public space—a place where people are treated as citizens instead of as consumers. We’ve completely lost that space." Since the mid-1980s, as more and more companies have shifted from being about products to being about ideas, Starbucks isn’t selling coffee; it’s selling community! Those companies have poured more and more resources into marketing campaigns.To pay for those campaigns, those same companies figured out ways to cut costs elsewhere, for example, by using contract labor at home and low-wage labor in developing countries. Contract laborers are hired on a temporary, per-assignment basis, and employers have no obligation to provide any benefit (such as health insurance) or long-term job security. This saves companies money but obviously puts workers in vulnerable situations. In the United States, contract labor has given rise to so-called McJobs, which employers and workers alike pretend are temporary—even though these jobs are usually held by adults who are trying to support families. The massive expansion of marketing campaigns in the 1980s coincided with the reduction of government spending for schools and for museums. This made those institutions much too willing, even eager, to partner with private companies. But companies took advantage of the needs of those institutions, reaching too far, and overwhelming the civic space with their marketing agendas. How can the companies cut their cost according to the passage
烹饪原料是提供烹制菜点时所使用的一切材料。
Questions 47 to 51 are based on the following passage. A famous US climate scientist at the centre of the "climategate’ has been virtually cleared of professional misconduct by an internal university inquiry. Michael Mann of Penn State University featured regularly in the more than 1 000 emails that were hacked from the University of East Anglia (UEA) in the UK last November. His emails and comments have since then featured in countless blogs and news articles. Some have claimed the emails reveal that many climate scientists have changed data in order to demonstrate that climate change is caused by human activities. The scientists in the emails, including Mann, have also been accused of seeking to prevent the publication of doubting research in academic journals. Penn State University opened an inquiry into Mann’s behavior in November, shortly after the emails were leaked into the public attention. After going through 1 075 emails and focusing on that were believed relevant to public idea of misconduct by Mann, the inquiry has, by and large, cleared his name. The internal inquiry has found that Mann did not participate in, directly or indirectly, any actions to hide or change data, nor did he remove or otherwise destroy emails, information and/or data relating to Climate Change’s 2007 report. One email that has received much media attention was sent to Mann by Phil Jones, then director of the UEA’s Climatic Research Unit. It asked Mann to delete some emails regarding the 2007 IPCC report. The report is not clear about whether Mann’s behavior has harmed the public trust in science, it cites Penn State’s official ethical standards, which says faculty have an obligation to maintain high moral standards in order to raise public trust in science. It then goes on to discuss the fallout from the email leak which, it says, may have driven the public into two camps: one that believes the leak harms climate science and another that does not. "After careful consideration of all the evidence and relevant materials, the inquiry committee could not make a definitive finding whether there exists any evidence to prove that Dr. Mann did engage in, or participate in, directly or indirectly, any actions against accepted academic practices," reads the report. This final point will now be at the centre of a further investigation. "This is very much the proof I expected since I am confident I have done nothing wrong," Mana told New Scientist. "I fully support the additional inquiry which may be the best way to remove any remaining doubts.\ Penn State’s ethical standards say professors should maintain high moral standards to ______.
Many people like the gigantic whales. Human sympathy (62) whales is only natural of all the creatures in the sea. (63) are closer relatives to us than these warm-blooded mammals. And how they got into the sea is one of the most fascinating stories of (64) . Most authorities believe that 60 million years ago ancestors of modern whales were four-legged, wolf-size animals living on the sea shores, (65) an abundance of fish and shrimp tempted them to try wading. Over 10 to 15 million years, their bodies grew, forelegs shrank into flippers used for (66) and steering and hind legs disappeared. As a result of some amazing transformations, they arc now helpless on land. If stranded on a beach, they can barely breathe. With abundant (67) of food, whales grew into the largest creatures that lived, 68 larger than dinosaurs. A blue whale can grow to 100 feet. Its tongue is ten feet thick and heavier than an elephant. Some arteries are big enough for a child to swim (69) . The half-ton heart has walls two feet thick and pumps eight tons of blood. (70) its size comes awesome strength. A blue whale swimming (71) 15 knots generates 1000 horsepower. (72) their size, these giants move at a good speed. An 18-ton whale can even (73) 12 m. p. h., over short distances. A whale can (74) up to 9000 pounds of food a day. The world’s biggest creature (75) itself almost entirely on shrimp-like krill, smaller than a person’s thumb. Maternal instincts are also highly (76) . Because a calf is born underwater, the mother must get it to the surface before it (77) . Often another whale will help. The mother pushes it gently (78) the baby is confident with its swimming usually after about 30 minutes. If the calf is born (79) , she may support it on her back until it gradually rots away. Like all mammals, whale babies feed (80) mother’s milk. And the milk is more than 30-percent fat, over 10-percent protein, and the babies grow extremely fast. A blue whale calf lengthens (81) two inches a day and gains an average seven pounds per hour.
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