题目内容
Every living thing has what scientists call a biological clock that controls behavior. It tells plants when to 62 flowers and insects when to leave protective cocoon(茧) and fly away. And it tells animals and human beings when to 63 , sleep and seek food. It controls our body temperatures, the 64 of some hormones and even dreams. Events 65 the plant and animal affect its actions. Scientists recently found that a tiny animal called Siberian hamster changes the color of its 66 because of the number of hours of 67 . In shorter days of winter its fur becomes white. The fur becomes gray-brown in longer 68 of daylight in summer. 69 signals control other biological clocks. German scientists found that some internal one seems to order birds to begin their 70 flights two times each year. Birds prevented from flying become 71 when it is time for the trip. 72 they become can again when the time of the flight has ended. A mix of outside and internal events controls some biological clocks；such things as heartbeat and the daily change from sleep to walking take place because of both external and internal signals. Scientists are beginning to learn 73 parts of the brain contain the biologicaI clocks. A researcher at Harvard University. Dr. Martin Moore Ede, said a small group of cells near the front of the brain seemed to control the 74 of some of our actions. Probably there are other cells to control other body activities. He is studying 75 they affect the way we do our work. Most of us have great difficulty if we 76 often change to different work hours. 77 call take many days for a human body to 78 a major change in work hours. Industrial officials should have a better 79 of biological clocks and how they affect workers. He said such an understanding could 80 sickness and accidents at work, and would help increase 81 .
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What’s the right activity for me Whoever you are, there’s an activity for you. And just as getting fitter doesn’t have to mean pushing yourself to the limits of your endurance, you don’t have to be technically brilliant at a particular sport to derive pleasure and health benefits from it. Some people hold back from getting fit because they feel self-conscious about their ability or body and want to find an activity they can do on their own, but organized classes and sports clubs can provide you with support and motivation, as well as a chance to make new friends. If you’re interested in football, hockey or other team sports, for example, many local clubs will have several teams of varying abilities, while there are plenty of aerobics(有氧健身) or yoga classes specifically designed to cater for beginners. You’re never too old to learn to swim, or you can take classes to improve your technique if that’s what’s holding you back. But many activities can be done by yourself, and require neither technical expertise nor much in the way of equipment or expens just your willingness to give it a go. Here are some of the best, easiest and most popular ways to start getting fit, as well as some suggestions for alternatives, that get you started or put you in touch with a local club. Walking Most of us walk at some point each day but we do it far less than we used to. The government calculates there’s been a decline of more than 20 percent in the number of miles walked since the mid-1980s. But walking is the simplest and cheapest of all exercises, and making it a regular activity and focusing on the intensity or distance covered can greatly iflcrease your fitness. Walking improves the condition of your heart and lungs and works the muscles of the lower body. It’s a weight-bearing activity, so it may improve bone density, yet it’s also low impact, putting less stress on the joints than some other forms of exercise. Aside from the health benefits of walking, some of the country’s most beautiful scenery can only be accessed on foot, so if you don’t try walking, think what you’re denying yourself. If you’re a novice, go in groups or as part of an organized outing via a ramblers club. Walking up hills expends more energy even walking down again uses more energy than walking on the flat, but if you don’t think you’re ready for the hills yet. boost your fitness by walking just about anywhere. You could try power walking in the park. For example：the idea is to walk at such a fast pace that it would actually be easier to brcak into a run. You burn more calories walking at this speed than you would running at the same pace. Running/jogging Running might just be the ultimate way to get fit：it’s cheap, can be done anywhere, at any time and, most importantly, is very effective. There’s really no difference between running and jogging, although jogging is often used to describe running at a slow pace. Whatever you call it, all you need is a good pair of running shoes and a little enthusiasm. As long as you’re healthy and take it easy to start with, anyone can run. If you have a history of certain diseases like chest pain. high blood pressure, or have had recent surgery or are pregnant, consult a doctor first. As a high-impact activity, running may maintain or increase bone density. But it can also put more stress on your joints than lower impact activities such as walking and cycling, especially if you’re overweight. Again, if you’re concerned, consult your doctor. As with all exercise, you must warm up first. Start by walking at a brisk pace, then gradually break into a slow jog. Run at a pace at which you can still hold a conversation, but which definitely feels harder than walking. If you’re getting too breathless to talk, slow down or walk for a while until you’re breathing more easily. To begin with, aim to run/walk in this way for ten minutes in total. Do this every second or third day, gradually reducing the walking time and increasing the running until you can run for the full ten minutes. At the end of each session, warm down by finishing with a slow jog or brisk walk until your heart rate and breathing have returned to more normal levels. Stretch while your muscles are still warm. Next, start to increase the total duration of your run by a minute or two every third session, until you can manage 30 minutes three times a week. Even if you’re feeling good, don’t be tempted to increase your running time by more than ten percent each week. Many people are put off running because they find it boring. For this reason, it is important to get a bit of variety in your running. There are many different sorts of running—road running, cross-country running, fell running(running in the hills), or you could run at your local athletics track, or even on a treadmill at the gym(though running on a moving treadmill uses less energy). Swimming Swimming is another popular way to start getting fit because most towns have a pool, it’s still relatively inexpensive and you need even less kit than you do for running. Most pools also offer lessons if you’re a non-swimmer, or you haven’t swum for years and want to improve your technique. Swimming is a great way to tone up and trim down-because to swim you need to move your body against the resistance of the water. Just swimming a few lengths involves most of the major muscle groups, giving your body a good workout. And if you gradually increase the pace. you’ll get a brilliant aerobic workout, too. Swimming is also an effective form of fat-burning exercise：because you can swim at your own pace, slowly if you wish, you can keep swimming for long periods, and maintaining your staying power is a vital goal in fat-burning exercise. The other big advantage is that water supports your weight and takes the stress off your joints, so you can put your body through a good workout without your knees, hips or spine paying the price. Research shows that exercising in waist-deep water reduces the pressure on joints by 50%, while exercising in chest-deep water reduces it by as much as 75%. This can also make it a great exercise if you’re recovering from an injury that means you can’t run or play your normal sport. Gym The gym can be a good place to work on overall aerobic fitness and build muscle strength, or just somewhere to exercise on days when you can’t face the cold or the rain. Gym-based activities include aerobic exercise such as running, rowing or cycling machines, weight training, and classes, such as aerobics or aerobic dance. All ages and fitness levels are catered for and improvements can be measured and exercise programs tailored to your needs. Check your instructor is qualified to recognized standards, especially if you’re weight training. Incorrect technique can easily lead to injuries or make existing problems worse. For advice, take a look at the Register of Exercise Professionals. Some gyms can be expensive to join, but council-run facilities often offer a cheaper alternative where you can pay per session rather than shelling out for an annual membership. According to the passage, people______can take running as regular exercise immediately
Every living thing has what scientists call a biological clock that controls behavior. It tells plants when to 62 flowers and insects when to leave protective cocoon(茧) and fly away. And it tells animals and human beings when to 63 , sleep and seek food. It controls our body temperatures, the 64 of some hormones and even dreams. Events 65 the plant and animal affect its actions. Scientists recently found that a tiny animal called Siberian hamster changes the color of its 66 because of the number of hours of 67 . In shorter days of winter its fur becomes white. The fur becomes gray-brown in longer 68 of daylight in summer. 69 signals control other biological clocks. German scientists found that some internal one seems to order birds to begin their 70 flights two times each year. Birds prevented from flying become 71 when it is time for the trip. 72 they become can again when the time of the flight has ended. A mix of outside and internal events controls some biological clocks；such things as heartbeat and the daily change from sleep to walking take place because of both external and internal signals. Scientists are beginning to learn 73 parts of the brain contain the biologicaI clocks. A researcher at Harvard University. Dr. Martin Moore Ede, said a small group of cells near the front of the brain seemed to control the 74 of some of our actions. Probably there are other cells to control other body activities. He is studying 75 they affect the way we do our work. Most of us have great difficulty if we 76 often change to different work hours. 77 call take many days for a human body to 78 a major change in work hours. Industrial officials should have a better 79 of biological clocks and how they affect workers. He said such an understanding could 80 sickness and accidents at work, and would help increase 81 .
Questions 52 to 56 are based on the following passage. Most people think of lions as strictly African beasts, but only because they’ve been killed off almost everywhere else. Ten thousand years ago lions spanned vast sections of the globe. Now lions hold only a small fraction of their former habitat, and Asiatic lions, a subspecies that spit from African lions perhaps 100000 years ago, hang on to an almost impossibly small slice of their former territory. India is the proud steward of these 300 or so lions, which live primarily in a 560-square-mile sanctuary(保护区). It took me a year and a half to get a permit to explore the entire Gir Forest—and no time at all to see why these lions became symbols of royalty and greatness. A tiger will hide in the forest unseen, but a lion stands its ground, curious and unafraid—lionhearted. Though they told me in subtle ways when I got too close, Gir’s lions allowed me unique glimpses into their lives during my three months in the forest. It’s odd to think that they are threatened by extinction；Gir has as many lions as it can hold too many, in fact. With territory in short supply, lions move about near the boundary of the forest and even leave it altogether, often clashing with people. That’s one reason India is creating a second sanctuary. There are other pressing reasons：outbreaks of disease or natural disasters. In 1994 a serious disease killed more than a third of Africa’s Serengeti lions—a thousand animals a fate that could easily happen to Gir’s cats. These lions are especially vulnerable to disease because they descend from as few as a dozen individuals. “If you do a DNA test, Asiatic lions actually look like identical twins, ”says Stephen O’Brien, a geneticist(基因学家) who has studied them. Yet the dangers are hidden, and you wouldn’t suspect them by watching these lords of the forest. The lions display vitality, and no small measure of charm. Though the gentle intimacy of play vanishes when it’s time to eat, meals in Gir are not necessarily frantic affairs. For a mother and her baby lion sharing a deer, or a young male eating an antelope(羚羊), there’s no need to fight for a cut of the kill. The animals they hunt for food are generally smaller in Gir than those in Africa, and hunting groups tend to be smaller as well. In the first paragraph, the author tells us that Asiatic lions______.
Questions 47 to 51 are based on the following passage. When Toyota Motor Corp. moved one of its divisions into an environmentally friendly, or“green”, building in Torrance three years ago, it expected to save on its energy bills. The building offered natural lighting, electricity-generating rooftop solar panels and water recycling. But something else also happened. Employee morale jumped while absenteeism(旷工) fell. The overall energy and worker productivity savings more than offset the added cost of making the facility environmentally friendly. “The lighting is easier on the eyes and on the nerves, ”Toyota employee Mary Jo Moutsios said. “I take a sense of pride in working in this building. It’s pleasant and feels more productive. ” Results like Toyota’s are helping to spark a budding“green revolution”in American workplaces. The movement is starting to change how office buildings are designed and could render thousands of existing offices obsolete. Employers including Goldman, Sachs&Co. , Wal-Mart Stores Inc. and Harley-Davidson Inc. are starting to ask for buildings with more natural light, fresher air and fewer toxic materials in the paint, carpeting and other finishes. Los Angeles, Salt Lake City and Chicago are among many cities requiring new public buildings to be green. Municipalities are offering incentives, such as faster construction approvals and reduced permit fees, to get the private sector to follow suit. Although the green movement is in its infancy, its endorsement(认可) by a growing number of prestigious employers, developers and cities is seen as giving a shot in the arm to the nation’s environmental movement as concern about the effects of global warming and environmental pollution spread. More than $7.7 billion of office buildings nationwide are up for official green certification, versus about $790 million in 2000．Among the more notable new green towers is World Trade Center in New York. a 52-storey skyscraper that replaced a building at the same address that was destroyed in the 2001 terrorist attacks. Municipalities are taking some measures, such as faster construction approvals and reduced permit fees to make the other private companies.
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