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简述发出存货计价方法及各方法的优缺点。
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Many of the nation’s top-ranked medical centers employ some of the same advertising techniques doctors often criticize drug companies for—concealing risks and playing on fear, vanity and other emotions to attract patients, a study found. The study of newspaper ads by 17 top-rated university medical centers highlights the conflict between serving public health and making money. Some ads, especially those bragging specific services, might create a sense of need in otherwise healthy patients and "seem to put the financial interests of the academic medical center ahead of the best interests of the patients. " Hospital officials defended their ads as fair, ethically sound and necessary in a competitive market. The centers studied were on U. S. News ＆ World Report’s 2002 honor roll of the nation’s best hospitals. Of 122 ads designed to attract patients and published in newspapers in 2002, 21 promoted specific services, including Botox anti-wrinkle injections and laser eye surgery. Only one of the 21 ads mentioned the risks. Most of the 122 ads—62 percent—used an emotional appeal to attract patients. One third used slogans focusing on technology, fostering a misperception that high-tech medicine is always better. "As a result, patients may be given false hopes and unrealistic expectations," the researchers said. As leading sources for specialized medical care, training and innovation, academic medical centers were selected "because we thought they would be the best-case scenario," said lead author Dr. Robin Larson, a researcher at the Veterans Affairs Medical Center in White River Junction, Vt. "We thought if we find problems there, we would assume that they’re only worse" at community hospitals. University medical centers generally are not-for-profit but still face financial pressures to attract patients and stay afloat. Hospital advertising began about 20 years ago and grew as managed care increased competition among hospitals. The authors said it has risen among academic medical centers in the past decade. Johns Hopkins spokeswoman Elaine Freeman said the study highlights an important point—that academic medical centers need to be sensitive to conflicts between money and altruism. But Freeman said that advertising helps educate the public and that Hopkins has a review process to make sure its ads are fair and balanced. Vanderbilt spokesman Joel Lee also said his hospital’s ads are ethical, including the one featuring spilled coffee. He said that the ad was intended to create awareness about women’s heart attack symptoms differing from men’s. University of Chicago Hospitals’ spokeswoman Catherine Gianaro said: "If any institution or company didn’t remain economically viable, they wouldn’t be able to serve the public health. " American Hospital Association spokesman Rick Wade said that advertising is a necessity for hospitals, and that appealing to emotion is inherent in advertising. According to AHA guidelines, emotion-evoking ads are acceptable if they maintain "a proper sensitivity" toward vulnerable patients, and are fair and accurate. The guidelines also frown on ads for risky procedures that do not disclose the risks. What is wrong with the ads about specific medical services
假设你是李文，请你就学校假期的安排给教育部长写一封信，向他建议将学校传统的长假调整为几次短假并陈述相关的原因比如：学习时间过长可能引起过度疲劳，而放假过长则可能导致浪费时间等等。
A field is simply a social system of relations between individuals or institutions who are competing for the same stake. An example of a field may be higher education, colleges, and universities. Habitus is a set of potential dispositions, an internalized set of taken-for-granted rules that govern strategies, and social practices that individuals in some respects carry with them into any field. There is a system of unspoken rules and generally unspeakable rules. They are unspeakable because it is understood that it would be rude or socially punishable to try to talk about those rules. Or, in some cases individuals within a habitus cannot even articulate those arbitrary rules because they are unaware of them. That is, these rules may feel so natural and normalized that they seem as though they are the way things should be and always have been. An example of an unspeakable rule might be that a person should never discuss class privilege, as opposed to hard work, as contributing to the success of an individual when talking about the accomplishments of the middle class within a middle-class field. However, within a working-class field of manual laborers, this may not be a forbidden topic of discussion. Judith Butler outlined a feminist theory of embodied practice in identity formation. She stated that our sense of identities is formed through repeated daily and everyday constrained and emancipatory performative practices through our bodies. Through the process of repeated performances, ways of being in the world become sedimented, that is layered and accumulated to the extent that these practices become a part of who we are and how we perceive ourselves to be in the world. Butler’s insights about performativity, the body, and identity are particularly informative of working-class identity formations that are literally embodied within the physical capacity to do manual labor. Butler’s notion of performative identity gives me insight into my own identity development and the discomforts and constraints I have felt within academia, where the mind is privileged over the body in ways that almost obliterate the body. At the same time, the ideology of mind over body seems hypocritical when one examines the class distinctions made through the embedded middle-class practices, in short, the habitus, of the majority of university professors. Many first-generation college students in my classes, especially those who are from working-class backgrounds, report shock, dismay, and anger at the level of classism and racism that exists among faculty, whom they assumed to be educated and to value egalitarian principles. Many students express their frustration at not knowing the habitus of the middle class, yet feel its exclusionary, embodied power. They express even more frustration that the middle class also seems unaware of its own unspoken rules and habitus. Though they can start a conversation about race, they don’t know how to talk about class in a meaningful way, one that helps their fellow students to understand the naturalized class distinctions within our culture. Class is America’s dirty little secret. A habitus is different from a field in that it
Many of the nation’s top-ranked medical centers employ some of the same advertising techniques doctors often criticize drug companies for—concealing risks and playing on fear, vanity and other emotions to attract patients, a study found. The study of newspaper ads by 17 top-rated university medical centers highlights the conflict between serving public health and making money. Some ads, especially those bragging specific services, might create a sense of need in otherwise healthy patients and "seem to put the financial interests of the academic medical center ahead of the best interests of the patients. " Hospital officials defended their ads as fair, ethically sound and necessary in a competitive market. The centers studied were on U. S. News ＆ World Report’s 2002 honor roll of the nation’s best hospitals. Of 122 ads designed to attract patients and published in newspapers in 2002, 21 promoted specific services, including Botox anti-wrinkle injections and laser eye surgery. Only one of the 21 ads mentioned the risks. Most of the 122 ads—62 percent—used an emotional appeal to attract patients. One third used slogans focusing on technology, fostering a misperception that high-tech medicine is always better. "As a result, patients may be given false hopes and unrealistic expectations," the researchers said. As leading sources for specialized medical care, training and innovation, academic medical centers were selected "because we thought they would be the best-case scenario," said lead author Dr. Robin Larson, a researcher at the Veterans Affairs Medical Center in White River Junction, Vt. "We thought if we find problems there, we would assume that they’re only worse" at community hospitals. University medical centers generally are not-for-profit but still face financial pressures to attract patients and stay afloat. Hospital advertising began about 20 years ago and grew as managed care increased competition among hospitals. The authors said it has risen among academic medical centers in the past decade. Johns Hopkins spokeswoman Elaine Freeman said the study highlights an important point—that academic medical centers need to be sensitive to conflicts between money and altruism. But Freeman said that advertising helps educate the public and that Hopkins has a review process to make sure its ads are fair and balanced. Vanderbilt spokesman Joel Lee also said his hospital’s ads are ethical, including the one featuring spilled coffee. He said that the ad was intended to create awareness about women’s heart attack symptoms differing from men’s. University of Chicago Hospitals’ spokeswoman Catherine Gianaro said: "If any institution or company didn’t remain economically viable, they wouldn’t be able to serve the public health. " American Hospital Association spokesman Rick Wade said that advertising is a necessity for hospitals, and that appealing to emotion is inherent in advertising. According to AHA guidelines, emotion-evoking ads are acceptable if they maintain "a proper sensitivity" toward vulnerable patients, and are fair and accurate. The guidelines also frown on ads for risky procedures that do not disclose the risks. Which of the following people are opposed to the ads
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