题目内容
The question of whether war is inevitable is one which has concerned many of the world's great writers, Before considering this question, it will be useful to introduce some related concepts. Conflict, defined as opposition among social entities directed against one another, is distinguished from competition, defined as opposition among social entities independently striving for something which is in inadequate supply. Competitors may not be a ware of one another, while the parties to a conflict are. Conflict and competition are both categories of opposition, which has been defined as a process by which social entities function in the disservice of one another. Opposition is thus contrasted with cooperation, the process by which social entities function in the service of one another. These definitions are necessary because it is important to emphasize that competition between individuals or groups is in- evitable in a world of limited resources. But conflict is not. Conflict, nevertheless, is very likely to occur, and is probably an essential and desirable element of human societies.
Many authors have argued for the inevitability of war from the premise that in the struggle for existence among animal species, only the fittest survive. In general, however, this struggle in nature is competition, not conflict. Social animals, such as monkeys and cattle, fight to win or maintain leadership of the group. The struggle for existence occurs riot in such fights, but in the competition for limited feeding areas and for the occupancy(占有)of areas free from meat-eating animals. Those who fail in this competition starve to death or be come victims to other species. This struggle for existence does not resemble human war, but rather the competition of individuals for jobs, markets, and materials. The essence of the struggle is the competition for the necessities of life that are insufficient to satisfy all.
Among nations there is competition in developing resources, trades, skills, and a satisfactory way of life. The successful nations grow and prosper(繁荣);the unsuccessful decline. While it is true that this competition may induce efforts to expand territory at the expense of others, and thus lead to conflict, it cannot be said that war-like conflict among nations is inevitable, although competition is.
In the first paragraph, the author gives the definitions of some terms in order to ______.
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Part A
Directions: Read the following three texts. Answer the questions on each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
The first jazz musicians played in New Orleans during the early 1900's after 1917, many of the New Orleans musicians moved to the south side of Chicago, where they continued to play their style. of jazz. Soon Chicago was the new center for jazz.
Several outstanding musicians emerged as leading jazz artists in Chicago. Danie Louis "Satchmo" Armstrong, born in New Orleans in 1900, was one. Another leading musician was Joseph "King" Oliver, who is also credited with having discovered Armstrong when they were both in New Orleans. While in Chicago, Oliver asked Armstrong, who was in New Orleans, to join his hand.
In 1923 King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band made the first important set of recordings by a Hot Five and Hot Seven bands under Louis Armstrong also made recordings of special note.
Although Chicago's South Side was the main jazz center, some musicians in New York were also demanding attention in jazz circles. In 1923 Fletcher Henderson already had a ten- piece band played jazz. During the early 1930's, the number of players grew to sixteen. Henderson's band was considered a leader in what some people have called the Big Band Era.
By the 1930's, big dance bands were the rage. Large numbers of people went to ballrooms to dance to jazz music played by big bands.
One of the most popular and long a very famous jazz band was the Buke Ellington band. Elward "Duke" Ellington was born in Washington D. C. in 1899 and died in New York City in 1974. He studied the piano as a young boy and later began writing original musical compositions.
The first of Ellington's European tours came in 1933. He soon received international fame for his talent as a band leader, composer, and arranger. Ten years later, Ellington began giving annual concerts at Carnegic Hall in New York City. People began to listen to jazz in the same way that they had always listened to classical music.
It can be inferred from the passage that Louis Armstrong went to Chicago for which of the following reasons？
【C18】
【C19】
【C9】
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