题目内容
Water-the Issue of This Century The world is running short of fresh water. Populations are growing bigger and Thirstier(渴的), with the result that freshwater is becoming increasingly scarce (缺乏). Half the world’s wetlands have disappeared during the last century, while estimates suggest that water use will rise by 50% in the next 30 years. The World Bank report estimates that as much as half of the world’s population, concentrated in Africa, the Middle East and south Asia, will face ’severe water shortages’ by 2025. Local water conflicts and the loss of freshwater ecosystems appear large in some regions. A similar picture emerges from the globe’s salt water regions. Three-quarters of the world’s people may live within 100km of the sea in 2025, putting even more pressure on stretched coastal ecosystems. Two thirds of fisheries (渔业) are exploited at or beyond their sustainable limits, and half the world’s coral reefs (珊瑚礁) may perish in 100 years. Almost 60% of coral reefs and 34% of fish species are at risk from human activities, the Bank says. The report concludes that there is ample evidence to justify immediate and coordinated action to safeguard supplies and use water more efficiently. Fresh water consumption is rising quickly, and the availability of water in some regions is likely to become one of the most pressing issues of the 21st century. A third of the world’s population - around two billion people - live in countries that are experiencing moderate to high water shortages. That proportion could rise to half or more in the next 30 years unless institutions (制度) change to ensure better conservation and allocation of water. China is one country where the portents (征兆) are gloomy. The most water-stressed country in East Asia, China is exploiting 44% of its usable water, a figure projected to rise to 60% by 2020. Primary withdrawal of water of more than 60% is widely considered by water experts to exceed the environmental carrying capacity of a river basin system. Although China’s total use appears still to be reasonable, it has several basins that are severely stressed environmentally. Withdrawals exceed environmental limits in Afghanistan and Pakistan, and will exceed them in India by 2020. In the Middle East and North Africa, only Morocco has unexploited water resources. The rest have exceeded environmental limits and many are mining aquifers (蓄水层) - bodies of water-bearing rock - the report says. The World Bank report implies that urgent action should be taken to protect water supplies.
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（三） 背景资料 某水利枢纽工程项目包括大坝、水电站等建筑物。在水电站厂房工程施工期间发生如下事件： 事件1．施工单位提交的施工安全技术措施部分内容如下： （1）爆破作业，必须统一指挥，统一信号，划定安全警戒区，并明确安生警戒人员。在引爆时，无关人员一律退到安全地点隐蔽。爆破后，首无须经安全员进行检查，确认安全后，其他人员方能进入现场。 （2）电站厂房上部排架施工时高处作业人员使用升降机垂直上下。 （3）为确保施工安全，现场规范使用“三宝”，加强对“四口”的防护。 事件2．水电站厂房施工过程中，因模板支撑体系稳定性不足导致现浇混凝土施工过程中浇筑层整体倒塌，造成直接经济损失50 万元。事故发生后，施工单位及时提交了书面报告，报告包括以下几个万面内容： （1）工程名称、建设地点、工期、项目法人、主管部门及负责人电话； （2）事故发生的时间、地点、工程部位以及相应的参建单位名称； （3）事故发生的经过和直接经济损失； （4）事故报告单位、负责人以及联系方式。 事故发生后，项目法人组织联合调查组进行了事故调查。 问题 施工安全技术措施中的“三宝”和“四口”指什么？
A 10-year-old child with appendicitis is being prepared for surgery. Which of the following would be the nurse’s first action
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