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Budgeting A Budgeting in a business sense is the planned allocation of available funds to each department within a company. Budgeting allows executives to control overspending in less productive areas and put more company assets into areas which generate significant income or good public relations. Budgeting is usually handled during meetings with accountants, financial experts and representatives from each department affected by the budgeting. B In a personal financing sense, budgeting can mean estimating monthly living expenses based on previous bills and wages. If your monthly income is a steady $3000, for example, you can subtract all of your known monthly bills from that figure even before they arrive. Some bills can be estimated and subtracted from the original income figure. The remaining balance after fixed expenses now becomes your household budget. Instead of assigning dollar amounts for sundries such as groceries, entertainment, gas and clothing, budgeting allows you to use percentages instead. C The key to successful budgeting is both flexibility and inflexibility. Certain expenses are fixed, so payment of those bills should be an inflexible element. Nothing is more important than paying those particular bills in full. In business, departments need to know the absolute ceiling on spending. Budgeting works best when very few exceptions are made to the upper limits. The idea of fiscal responsibility is to form a workable budget and stick to it as well as possible. D Budgeting also requires an element of flexibility. It isn’t always possible to assign a fixed dollar amount on a project in January and expect the budget to remain stable in July. There are always unexpected events which can drastically change the priorities of a company or an individual. Without flexible budgeting, money allocated for one purpose could not be reallocated during a fiscal emergency. An unexpected drop in sales revenue in March can affect the budgeting plans in November, so accountants and financial officers need to adjust their figures regularly. Budgeting makes the proportion among various expenses known.
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Advertisements A This book examines concentration on the market for public company audits, the potential for smaller accounting firms’ growth to ease market concentration, and proposals that have been offered by others for easing concentration and the barriers facing smaller firms in expanding their market shares. This is an edited and excerpted version. B Like it or not, the automobile industry is now and will remain an overwhelming factor in the lives of most people. If not an owner and driver, then as a pedestrian or a breather of air which is being polluted by the gas-guzzling and vile-air belching monsters created for our individual hedonistic pleasure. This book presents issues of current interest to those who cannot ignore their presence. C This book highlights the importance of studying similarity of business cycles across countries and answers the theoretical question about the behavior of fluctuations in economic activities over different phases of business cycles. This is done by analyzing cross-country data that provides sufficient empirical justifications on the behavior of economic activities to conclude that business cycles are alike. Furthermore, the book maintains, from the recent empirical research, that business cycles fluctuations are asymmetric. D Amidst a sharp rise in commodity investing, many have asked whether commodities nowadays move in sync with traditional financial assets. The authors provide evidence that challenges this idea. Using dynamic correlation and recursive cointegration techniques, they found that the relation between the returns on investable commodity and U.S. equity indices has not changed significantly in the last fifteen years. The authors also find no evidence of any secular increase in co-movement between the returns on commodity and equity investments during periods of extreme returns. The book includes the suggestions to help solve the growth problems.
More and more, the operations of our businesses, governments, and financial institutions are controlled by information that exists only inside computer memories. Anyone clever enough to (1) this information for his own purposes can reap big reward. Even (2) , a number of people who have done this and been caught at it have managed to get (3) without punishment. It’s easy for computer crimes to (4) undetected if no one checks up (5) what the computer is doing. (6) even if the crime is (7) , the criminal may walk away not only (8) but with a glowing recommenda- tion from his former employers. Of course, we have no statistics on crimes (9) go undetected. But it’s disturbing to note how many of the crimes we do know about were detected (10) accident, not by systematic inspections or other security procedures. The computer criminals who have been caught (11) have been the victims of uncommonly bad luck. Unlike other lawbreakers, (12) must leave the country, commit suicide, or go to jail, computer criminals sometimes (13) punishment, demanding not only that they not be charged but that they (14) given good recommendations and perhaps other benefits. All too often, their demands have been met. Why Because company executives are (15) of the bad publicity that would result if the public found out that their (16) had been misused. They hesitate (17) the thought of a (18) boasting in open court of (19) he juggled (诈骗) the most confidential (秘密的) records right under the noses of the company’s executives, accountants, and security staff. And so another computer criminal departs with just the recommendations he needs to continue his crimes (20) .
Advertisements A This book examines concentration on the market for public company audits, the potential for smaller accounting firms’ growth to ease market concentration, and proposals that have been offered by others for easing concentration and the barriers facing smaller firms in expanding their market shares. This is an edited and excerpted version. B Like it or not, the automobile industry is now and will remain an overwhelming factor in the lives of most people. If not an owner and driver, then as a pedestrian or a breather of air which is being polluted by the gas-guzzling and vile-air belching monsters created for our individual hedonistic pleasure. This book presents issues of current interest to those who cannot ignore their presence. C This book highlights the importance of studying similarity of business cycles across countries and answers the theoretical question about the behavior of fluctuations in economic activities over different phases of business cycles. This is done by analyzing cross-country data that provides sufficient empirical justifications on the behavior of economic activities to conclude that business cycles are alike. Furthermore, the book maintains, from the recent empirical research, that business cycles fluctuations are asymmetric. D Amidst a sharp rise in commodity investing, many have asked whether commodities nowadays move in sync with traditional financial assets. The authors provide evidence that challenges this idea. Using dynamic correlation and recursive cointegration techniques, they found that the relation between the returns on investable commodity and U.S. equity indices has not changed significantly in the last fifteen years. The authors also find no evidence of any secular increase in co-movement between the returns on commodity and equity investments during periods of extreme returns. The information provided by the book may be useful for financial professionals.
Advertisements A This book examines concentration on the market for public company audits, the potential for smaller accounting firms’ growth to ease market concentration, and proposals that have been offered by others for easing concentration and the barriers facing smaller firms in expanding their market shares. This is an edited and excerpted version. B Like it or not, the automobile industry is now and will remain an overwhelming factor in the lives of most people. If not an owner and driver, then as a pedestrian or a breather of air which is being polluted by the gas-guzzling and vile-air belching monsters created for our individual hedonistic pleasure. This book presents issues of current interest to those who cannot ignore their presence. C This book highlights the importance of studying similarity of business cycles across countries and answers the theoretical question about the behavior of fluctuations in economic activities over different phases of business cycles. This is done by analyzing cross-country data that provides sufficient empirical justifications on the behavior of economic activities to conclude that business cycles are alike. Furthermore, the book maintains, from the recent empirical research, that business cycles fluctuations are asymmetric. D Amidst a sharp rise in commodity investing, many have asked whether commodities nowadays move in sync with traditional financial assets. The authors provide evidence that challenges this idea. Using dynamic correlation and recursive cointegration techniques, they found that the relation between the returns on investable commodity and U.S. equity indices has not changed significantly in the last fifteen years. The authors also find no evidence of any secular increase in co-movement between the returns on commodity and equity investments during periods of extreme returns. The book proves a popular idea wrong by scientific methods.
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