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Text 3 As the volcano erupts in Iceland, more and more people are beginning to concern about the damage volcanic eruption brings. Then, let us learn the influence of volcanic eruption together. We all know that air pollution has an effect on the world’s average air temperature. Scientists declare that volcanic eruption leads to weather changes, which is similar to air pollution. How will volcanic eruption impact on weather Volcanic eruption throws hundreds of millions tons of ash into the stratosphere. The ash from a volcano spreads in a few days. However, this is not the end. The ash will remain in the air for years. Hereby, all the ash turns incoming solar radiation into space, which cools the earth. The eruption would affect every level of ecosystem, from worms to primates. The problem is not only the physical destruction of habitat, but also the sulfur gases over the area. The volcanic eruption makes many people homeless who have to search for food and residence everywhere. The movement of the population and refugees may lead to some instability in the region. They may become one part to damage the environment in face of starvation threat. If the lava pours into lakes, the water will be severely contaminated. The unusual accumulation of carbon dioxide in the lower strata of lake’s basin may even cause explosions. The volcanic eruption is a huge disaster for human beings. It will cause massive dislocation in the local place. The Iceland volcano is a good example. More than 63,000 flights had been canceled in 23 European countries, which is severe blow on the economy. Travelers had to give up their journeys. Fresh foods get decayed because of delayed transportation. The factories are not able to operate for lack of machinery parts. In other parts of the world, people canceled their flights to and from Europe, according to the Air Transport Association (ATA). This condition has an awful influence on the world economy. Large quantities of dust and gaseous material will be injected into the upper atmosphere as a result of explosive eruptions. The volcano spurts a kind of glassy material with sharp edges, which is cooled by tiny shards of molten rock. The air is mixed with such material at a microscopic level. As a result, it will contribute to a worldwide rise in deaths of respiratory diseases. What does the underlined word mean in the last paragraph
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Part A Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.Text 1 We often hear advice from the dermatologists, "You should keep using sunscreen cream--just to be safe". More and more people are questioning about sunscream. Can sunscreen cream help protect me against melanomas How safe are we in applying these chemical cocktails Does it actually stop melanomas, the most dangerous type of skin cancer, from forming As is known to all, sunscreen cream can protect the skin from the harmful effects of sun. The most .important function of it is the prevention of skin cancer. A great number of American people like to use it. Surprisingly, this kind of cancer is increasing in incidence faster than any other cancer in the United States. It seems that sunscreen actually increases the risk of skin cancer. More and more health experts are taking a discommendable attitude to the application of sunscreen. Researchers show that the earlier finding has many flaws and is unable to prove the exact function because they fail to take into account many exceptional cases. For instance, some people prefer to use sunscreen cream while going out. However, sunscreen cream users suffer from cancer more often. In fact, sunscreen cream allows people to remain exposed in the sun longer. People are likely to get skin problem under the sunshine for a long time. Besides, many people use the sunscreen cream in an inappropriate way. The sunscreen cream should be applied about half an hour before going outside, so the time is enough for the sunscreen to soak in and take effect. In fact, the protection of sunscreen will not last indefinitely. It should be reapplied at least every two hours when people stay outdoors for a prolonged period. After swimming, bathing, perspiring heavily, or drying off with a towel or handkerchief, you had better reapply it, too. Millions of gallons of sunscreen cream are consumed each year. Only 5% of products overall met the criteria for safety and sunscreen effectiveness. Three of five brand-name products can not protect the skin from sun damage sufficiently or they contain hazardous chemicals, according to a report by Environmental Working Group (EWG). It is time to change our misunderstanding now. In fact, besides the sunshine-preventing function, it also has the function of protecting our skin. We all know that the sun impacts collagen production in the skin, and without collagen, skin won’t naturally maintain that plump, moist, youthful, wrinkle-free look. Without the protection of sunscreen cream, just a few minutes of daily sun exposure over the years can cause noticeable changes in skin. Sunscreen cream can protect our skin from these damaging rays, so that even if we do spend time outdoors, our face is less likely to give away our age. According to the text, what is not the attitude of the Writer
Text 2 Bacteria are microscopic organisms which live on the surface of objects. They are one of the most ancient living things, which exist on this planet for nearly 4,000 million years. Do you know the size of bacteria It can only be measured in microns. Maybe you have not a standard in your mind how long a micron is. One micron is a thousandth of a millimeter, which equals about the diameter of a pinhead. Therefore, even if we enlarged the rounded bacterium a thousand times, it would only be the size of a pinhead. We barely see bacteria by a magnification an ordinary microscope of 100 times, even if we try, we cannot make out anything of their structure. There are normally millions of them together, for they can multiply really fast. Scientists have found that some bacteria have attached to wavy-looking "hairs" called flagella. The flagella rotate, pushing the bacteria through the water. Others can glide along over surfaces by some little-understood mechanism. Bacteria are so small that they are influenced by the movements of the chemical molecules around them. They are active all the time. Even the bacteria without flagella often bound about in the water. They are pushed here and there, colliding with the watery molecules. Bacteria cannot be detected because they don’t produce bad odor or change the color or texture of the food. Therefore, when people eat the food with many bacteria, they are likely to get hepatitis A, acute gastroenteritis and a host of other illnesses. Many households have refrigerators to prevent from bacteria. Of course, freezing food slows or stops the growth of bacteria, however, when food is thawed, the bacteria will become reactivated. Bacteria can not be totally destroyed before the food is thoroughly cooked. We need to know that not all bacteria are in connection with illness. Just some bacteria can cause disease. They are called pathogenic bacteria. Fortunately our immune system can protect us from them. Bacteria are prokaryotes ( single cells that do not contain a nucleus). It may seem weird to classify organisms according to such details, but with or without a nucleus is not trivial at all. The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes (all organisms with a nucleus inside their cells) is of extreme importance in biology, and is the result of a major evolutionary breakthrough. Visit our program tomorrow if you want to know more, thank you. Which of the following ways can help people prevent from bacteria
Text 3 As the volcano erupts in Iceland, more and more people are beginning to concern about the damage volcanic eruption brings. Then, let us learn the influence of volcanic eruption together. We all know that air pollution has an effect on the world’s average air temperature. Scientists declare that volcanic eruption leads to weather changes, which is similar to air pollution. How will volcanic eruption impact on weather Volcanic eruption throws hundreds of millions tons of ash into the stratosphere. The ash from a volcano spreads in a few days. However, this is not the end. The ash will remain in the air for years. Hereby, all the ash turns incoming solar radiation into space, which cools the earth. The eruption would affect every level of ecosystem, from worms to primates. The problem is not only the physical destruction of habitat, but also the sulfur gases over the area. The volcanic eruption makes many people homeless who have to search for food and residence everywhere. The movement of the population and refugees may lead to some instability in the region. They may become one part to damage the environment in face of starvation threat. If the lava pours into lakes, the water will be severely contaminated. The unusual accumulation of carbon dioxide in the lower strata of lake’s basin may even cause explosions. The volcanic eruption is a huge disaster for human beings. It will cause massive dislocation in the local place. The Iceland volcano is a good example. More than 63,000 flights had been canceled in 23 European countries, which is severe blow on the economy. Travelers had to give up their journeys. Fresh foods get decayed because of delayed transportation. The factories are not able to operate for lack of machinery parts. In other parts of the world, people canceled their flights to and from Europe, according to the Air Transport Association (ATA). This condition has an awful influence on the world economy. Large quantities of dust and gaseous material will be injected into the upper atmosphere as a result of explosive eruptions. The volcano spurts a kind of glassy material with sharp edges, which is cooled by tiny shards of molten rock. The air is mixed with such material at a microscopic level. As a result, it will contribute to a worldwide rise in deaths of respiratory diseases. The author of the passage intends to show that
Text 4 As one of the biggest restaurants in the world, McDonald’s origination and development has been a miracle in this field. The McDonald’s story began in 1954 in San Bernardino, California. At first, the restaurant is run by two brothers, Dick and Mac McDonald. It didn’t go very well at first; at one time it was nearly closed. However, the two brothers insisted on and overcame the difficulties, and made it turn for the better day by day. Ray Kroc, a milk shake machine salesman, saw the massive potential of the brothers’ business and decided to get involved. He purchased the rights from the brothers, on April 15th, 1955. He became the McDonald brothers’ first franchisee when he opened his own McDonald’s restaurant in Des Plaines, a suburb just north of Chicago. The entry of Ray Kroc into the business contributed to the development in the history of McDonald’s. He bought the rights to expand the McDonald’s concept outside of California and Arizona, and quickly built the restaurant chain and by 1959 over 100 restaurants were in operation. What is the secret of Ray Kroc As a matter of fact, the restaurant was a favor for many of the Iocal teens at first and the menu was primarily barbeque items. Eight years later, the restaurant was closed for several months as it was renovated to become a restaurant that served food and was easy to prepare and served quickly. The food was very limited including Hamburgers, French fries and cold drinks. The employees prided themselves on creating an assembly line type of food preparation and being speedy in getting their food to the customers. The very basic step paved the path to glory. It separated McDonald’s from the rest of the competitors and attributes to their great success. The restaurant proved to be an instant success. By 1984, McDonald’s served 17 million customers a day that was equivalent to serving lunch to the entire population of Australia and New Zealand. Today, McDonald’s becomes one of the most famous and successful "fast food" chain in America and the world. McDonald’s restaurants are now located in 31,000 locations all over the world, and the company employs more than 1.5 million people. Just have a look at its development in UK. In September 2004 the UK company owned restaurants employed 43,491 people: 40,699 hourly-paid restaurant employees, 2,292 restaurant managers, and 500 office staff. McDonald’s franchisees employed a further 25,000 people. What can be inferred from the passage
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