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仓储成本主要指固定保管费用、保管设备费用、其他搬运设备费用等。
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传统的供应链管理几乎都属于推式的供应链。整个供应链上的库存量较高，对客户需求的响应较慢。
The competition among producers of personal computers is essentially a race to get the best, most innovative products to the marketplace. Marketers in this (1) frequently have to make (2) as to their competitors’ role when making marketing strategy (3) . If major competitors are changing their products, then a marketer may want to (4) suit to remain competitive. Apple Computer, Inc. has introduced two new, faster personal computers, the Mackintosh Ⅱ and Mackintosh SE, in anticipation of the (5) of a new PC by IBM, one of Apple’s major competitors. Apple’s new computers are much faster and more powerful than its earlier (6) . The improved Mackintosh is able to run programs that (7) were impossible to run on an Apple PC, including IBM-compatible programs. This compatibility feature (8) computer manufactures’ new attitude of giving customers the features they want. Making Apple computers (9) of running IBM software is Apple’s effort at making the Mackintosh (10) with IBM computers and thus more popular in the office, (11) Apple hopes to increase sales. Users of the new Apple can also add accessories to make their machines (12) in specific uses, such as engineering and writing. The new computers (13) a big improvement over past models, but they also cost much more. Company officials do not think the higher price will slow (14) buyers who want to step up to a more powerful computer. Apple wants to stay in the high-price end of the personal computer market to finance (15) for even faster, more sophisticated computers. Even though Apple and IBM are major competitors, both companies (16) that their competitor’s computers have certain (17) that their own models do not. The Apple line has always been (18) for its sophisticated color graphics (图形), (19) the IBM machines have always been (20) in offices.
Of all the areas of learning the most important is the development of attitudes. (1) reactions as well as logical thought (2) affect the behavior of most people. The burnt child fears the fire is one instance; the (3) is the rise of despots(暴君) like Hitler. Both these examples point up the fact that (4) stem from experience. In the one case the experience was direct and (5) ; in the other it was indirect and cumulative. The Nazis were indoctrinated(灌输) (6) by the speeches they heard and the books they read. The classroom teacher in the elementary school is in a strategic position to (7) attitudes. This is true partly because children (8) attitudes from those adults whose word they (9) . Another reason is that pupils often delve somewhat deeply into a subject in school that has only been touched upon at home or has possibly never (10) to them before. To a child who had (11) acquired little knowledge of Mexico, his teacher’s method of handling such a unit would greatly affect his attitude toward Mexicans. The media through (12) the teacher can develop wholesome attitudes are (13) . Social studies, science matters of health and safety, the very (14) of the classroom, these are a few of the (15) fields for the instruction of proper emotional reactions. However, when children come to school with (16) attitudes, it is unwise for the teacher to attempt to change their feelings by cajoling (以甜言蜜语哄骗) or (17) them. She can achieve the proper effect by helping them (18) constructive experiences. To illustrate, first-grade pupils afraid of policemen will probably (19) their attitudes after a classroom chat with the neighborhood (20) in which he explains how he protects them.
There are many superstitions in Britain, but one of the most (1) held is that it is unlucky to walk under a ladder even if it means (2) the pavement into a busy street! (3) you must pass under a ladder you can (4) bad luck by, crossing your fingers and (5) them crossed until you have seen a dog. (6) , you may lick your finger and (7) a cross on the toe of your shoe, and not look again at the shoe until the (8) has dried. Another common (9) is that it is unlucky to open an umbrella in the house—it will either bring (10) to the person who opened it or to the whole (11) . Anyone opening an umbrella in fine weather is (12) , as it inevitably brings rain! The number 13 is said to be unlucky for some, and when the 13th day of the month (13) on a Friday, anyone wishing to avoid a bad event had better stay (14) . The worst misfortune that can happen to a person is caused by breaking a mirror, (15) it brings seven years of bad luck! The superstition is supposed to (16) in ancient times, when mirrors were considered to be tools of the gods. Black cats are generally considered lucky in Britain, even though they are (17) witchcraft. It is (18) lucky if a black cat crosses your path although in America the exact opposite belief prevails. Finally, a commonly held superstition is that of touching wood (19) luck. This measure is most often taken if you think you have said something that is tempting fate, such as "my car has never (20) , touch wood\
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